Analisis Risiko Ergonomi dan Prevalensi Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada Pekerja Kasir Menggunakan CMDQ dan REBA
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Published
Mar 10, 2025
Abstract
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the leading causes of sick leave and disability in many countries. Cashier jobs have a high risk of MSDs due to static work postures and repetitive movements. Several studies have identified ergonomic risk factors in cashier workers but studies using CMDQ and REBA in analyzing the risk of MSDs in workers are still limited. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors causing MSDs in cashier workers and identify the relationship of individual and occupational factors to MSDs complaints. This study involved 114 self-service cashier workers aged 18-55 years. Data were collected through the completion of demographic questionnaires, CMDQ forms and work posture analysis using REBA. REBA results show that 1.8% of workers have low risk, 77.2% of workers have work postures with moderate risk levels, 18.4% of workers have high risk, and 2.6% have very high risk so that further investigation and changes to posture are needed. Results from the CMDQ showed that the highest prevalence of pain was in the right leg (86.8%), left leg (84.2%), and lower back (76.3%). Significant risk factors included age (p = 2.781 x 10-8), length of service (p = 6.66 x 10-11), body mass index (p = 1.47 x 10-7), gender (p = 0.005), and work posture measured using REBA (p = 2.2 x 10-16). Kendall-Tau test also showed a positive relationship between these variables and MSDs complaints. This study shows that cashier workers with high work posture risk have a greater prevalence of MSDs. Multiple linear regression tests showed that the dominant factors causing MSDs complaints in cashier workers were posture and workstation height. Ergonomic recommendations are needed to reduce the risk of MSDs, especially for workers with high risk levels.
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How to Cite
Handayani, S. D. and Suharyanto, S. (2025) “Analisis Risiko Ergonomi dan Prevalensi Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada Pekerja Kasir Menggunakan CMDQ dan REBA”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 7(3), pp. 1457-1471. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v7i3.1493.
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Kihlstedt, A., & Hägg, G. M. (2011). Checkout cashier work and counter design – Video movement analysis, musculoskeletal disorders and customer interaction. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.01.006
Maciukiewicz, J. M., Lang, A. E., Vidt, M. E., Grenier, S. G., & Dickerson, C. R. (2017). Characterization of cashier shoulder and low back muscle demands. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 59, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2017.03.004
Mika, A., Oleksy, Ł., Mika, P., Marchewka, A., & Clark, B. C. (2012). The influence of heel height on lower extremity kinematics and leg muscle activity during gait in young and middle-aged women. Gait & Posture, 35(4), 677–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.001
Nagaraj, S., Jeyapaul, R., & Mathiyazhagan, K. (2019). Evaluation of ergonomic working conditions among standing sewing machine operators in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 70, 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2019.01.006
Nilsen, T. I. L., Holtermann, A., & Mork, P. J. (2011). Physical Exercise, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Chronic Pain in the Low Back and Neck/Shoulders: Longitudinal Data From the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr087
Njaka, S., Mohd Yusoff, D., Anua, S. M., Kueh, Y. C., & Edeogu, C. O. (2021). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their associated factors among quarry workers in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 7(2), e06130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06130
Nurshabrina, P. A., Andarini, D., Idris, H., & Anggraeni, R. (2023). Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Penyakit Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada Pekerja: Literature Review. 2(3).
OSHA. (2000). OSHA 3125 Ergonomics: The Study of Work.
Rachmawati, S., Rinawati, S., Tiaswani, E. L., & Suryadi, I. (2021). Hubungan Sikap Kerja Berdiri Dengan Keluhan Low Back Pain Pada Pekerja Kasir Luwes Surakarta. Jurnal Kesehatan, 14(2), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.23917/jk.v14i2.13608
Rivai, W. T., Ekawati, & Jayanti, S. (2024). Hubungan Tingkat Risiko Ergonomi Dan Masa Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal Pada Pekerja Pemecah Batu. 2(3), 227–231.
Suratno, T. Y. L., Ruliati, L. P., & Sahdan, M. (2022). Faktor Yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada Pekerja Konstruksi PT. Pembangunan Perumahan di Bendungan Manikin. 1(4), 666–678. https://doi.org/10.55123/sehatmas.v1i4.970
Tahermanesh, K., Maleki, M., Rezaei Moghaddam, F., Nejati, P., Shahriyari, R., Fazel Anvari-Yazdi, A., Rahnama Moghadam, A., Salehiniya, H., Falahatinodeh, P., Allahqoli, L., & Alkatout, I. (2023). Effects of Corrective Exercises on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Quality of Life in Surgical Residents: A Pilot, Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Surgical Education, 80(8), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.05.022
Tang, L., Wang, G., Zhang, W., & Zhou, J. (2022). The prevalence of MSDs and the associated risk factors in nurses of China. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 87, 103239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103239
Tantawy, S. A., Rahman, A. A., & Ameer, M. A. (2017). The relationship between the development of musculoskeletal disorders, body mass index, and academic stress in Bahraini University students. The Korean Journal of Pain, 30(2), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2017.30.2.126
Tarwaka, Bakri, S. H., & Sudiajeng, L. (2004). Ergonomi untuk Keselamatan, Kesehatan Kerja dan Produktivitas.
To, K. E., Berek, N. C., & Setyobudi, A. (2020). Hubungan Masa Kerja, Jenis Kelamin dan Sikap Kerja dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal pada Operator SPBU di Kota Kupang. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat, 2(2), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.35508/mkm.v2i2.2853
Viester, L., Verhagen, E. A., Hengel, K. M. O., Koppes, L. L., Van Der Beek, A. J., & Bongers, P. M. (2013). The relation between body mass index and musculoskeletal symptoms in the working population. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14(1), 238. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-238
Alangari, A. A., Almutairi, M. M., Alrrajeh, A. M., Aleidi, M. A., Alqarni, M. A., Almeneif, H. A., Alolaywi, H. K., & Almuklass, A. M. (2022). The Relation Between Body Mass Index and Musculoskeletal Injury. Cureus, 14(9), e28965. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28965
Algarni, F. S., Alkhaldi, H. A., Zafar, H., Kachanathu, S. J., Al-Shenqiti, A. M., & Altowaijri, A. M. (2020). Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Disorders and Quality of Life in Supermarket Cashiers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249256
Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2020). Is job strain a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 longitudinal studies. Public Health, 181, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.11.023
Dimyati, A. D., Ikhlasiah, M., & Ismarina. (2024). The Relationship Between Age, Gender, Workload, and Complaints of Low Back Pain (LBP) among Emergency Room Nurses. Health and Technology Journal (HTechJ), 2(5), 492–497. https://doi.org/10.53713/htechj.v2i5.251
Eatough, E. M., Way, J. D., & Chang, C.-H. (2012). Understanding the link between psychosocial work stressors and work-related musculoskeletal complaints. Applied Ergonomics, 43(3), 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.08.009
Erliana, C. I., Hasanuddin, I., Away, Y., & Ghazilla, R. A. R. (2023). Musculoskeletal Disorders Risk Levels in Tofu Workers in North Aceh: An Ergonomic Assessment. Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS), 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v5i1.2396
EU-OSHA. (2021). Prolonged constrained standing at work: Health effects and good practice advice. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2802/91149
Ezzatvar, Y., Calatayud, J., Andersen, L. L., Aiguadé, R., Benítez, J., & Casaña, J. (2020). Professional experience, work setting, work posture and workload influence the risk for musculoskeletal pain among physical therapists: A cross-sectional study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 93(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019-01468-7
Fedorowich, L., Emery, K., Gervasi, B., & Côté, J. N. (2013). Gender differences in neck/shoulder muscular patterns in response to repetitive motion induced fatigue. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(5), 1183–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.06.005
Ferreira, M. L., Hunter, D. J., Fu, A., Raihana, S., Urquhart, D., & Ferreira, P. H. (2024). Come rain or shine: Is weather a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review with meta-analysis of case-crossover studies. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 65, 152392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152392
Hignett, S., & McAtamney, L. (2000). Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Applied Ergonomics, 31(2), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(99)00039-3
Kihlstedt, A., & Hägg, G. M. (2011). Checkout cashier work and counter design – Video movement analysis, musculoskeletal disorders and customer interaction. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.01.006
Maciukiewicz, J. M., Lang, A. E., Vidt, M. E., Grenier, S. G., & Dickerson, C. R. (2017). Characterization of cashier shoulder and low back muscle demands. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 59, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2017.03.004
Mika, A., Oleksy, Ł., Mika, P., Marchewka, A., & Clark, B. C. (2012). The influence of heel height on lower extremity kinematics and leg muscle activity during gait in young and middle-aged women. Gait & Posture, 35(4), 677–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.001
Nagaraj, S., Jeyapaul, R., & Mathiyazhagan, K. (2019). Evaluation of ergonomic working conditions among standing sewing machine operators in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 70, 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2019.01.006
Nilsen, T. I. L., Holtermann, A., & Mork, P. J. (2011). Physical Exercise, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Chronic Pain in the Low Back and Neck/Shoulders: Longitudinal Data From the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr087
Njaka, S., Mohd Yusoff, D., Anua, S. M., Kueh, Y. C., & Edeogu, C. O. (2021). Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their associated factors among quarry workers in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 7(2), e06130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06130
Nurshabrina, P. A., Andarini, D., Idris, H., & Anggraeni, R. (2023). Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Penyakit Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada Pekerja: Literature Review. 2(3).
OSHA. (2000). OSHA 3125 Ergonomics: The Study of Work.
Rachmawati, S., Rinawati, S., Tiaswani, E. L., & Suryadi, I. (2021). Hubungan Sikap Kerja Berdiri Dengan Keluhan Low Back Pain Pada Pekerja Kasir Luwes Surakarta. Jurnal Kesehatan, 14(2), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.23917/jk.v14i2.13608
Rivai, W. T., Ekawati, & Jayanti, S. (2024). Hubungan Tingkat Risiko Ergonomi Dan Masa Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal Pada Pekerja Pemecah Batu. 2(3), 227–231.
Suratno, T. Y. L., Ruliati, L. P., & Sahdan, M. (2022). Faktor Yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada Pekerja Konstruksi PT. Pembangunan Perumahan di Bendungan Manikin. 1(4), 666–678. https://doi.org/10.55123/sehatmas.v1i4.970
Tahermanesh, K., Maleki, M., Rezaei Moghaddam, F., Nejati, P., Shahriyari, R., Fazel Anvari-Yazdi, A., Rahnama Moghadam, A., Salehiniya, H., Falahatinodeh, P., Allahqoli, L., & Alkatout, I. (2023). Effects of Corrective Exercises on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Quality of Life in Surgical Residents: A Pilot, Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Surgical Education, 80(8), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.05.022
Tang, L., Wang, G., Zhang, W., & Zhou, J. (2022). The prevalence of MSDs and the associated risk factors in nurses of China. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 87, 103239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103239
Tantawy, S. A., Rahman, A. A., & Ameer, M. A. (2017). The relationship between the development of musculoskeletal disorders, body mass index, and academic stress in Bahraini University students. The Korean Journal of Pain, 30(2), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2017.30.2.126
Tarwaka, Bakri, S. H., & Sudiajeng, L. (2004). Ergonomi untuk Keselamatan, Kesehatan Kerja dan Produktivitas.
To, K. E., Berek, N. C., & Setyobudi, A. (2020). Hubungan Masa Kerja, Jenis Kelamin dan Sikap Kerja dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal pada Operator SPBU di Kota Kupang. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat, 2(2), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.35508/mkm.v2i2.2853
Viester, L., Verhagen, E. A., Hengel, K. M. O., Koppes, L. L., Van Der Beek, A. J., & Bongers, P. M. (2013). The relation between body mass index and musculoskeletal symptoms in the working population. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14(1), 238. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-238