Deteksi Kontaminasi Toxoplasma gondii Pada Daging Kambing di Bali dengan Primer BAG1
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Published
Aug 8, 2025
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. One of the transmission routes of T. gondii infection is the consumption of undercooked meat. Goats are an important source of income for farmers in Bali and have been reported to have the potential to carry T. gondii. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of Toxoplasma gondii contamination in goat meat in Kuta and Ubud, Bali, using molecular methods with BAG1 primers. Meat samples obtained from markets in Kuta and Ubud were sectioned, followed by extraction of T. gondii DNA, amplified by PCR, and electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel. The resulting amplification products were approximately 470 base pairs in size. The study results indicated that goat meat was only successfully obtained from the Kuta market. Examination for the presence of T. gondii parasite in goat meat from the Kuta market targeting the BAG1 gene yielded all negative results (100%). Hygiene in goat husbandry should be maintained and even improved. Meat sold in markets or stores must be routinely inspected to ensure safety. Additionally, meat should be cooked at sufficiently high temperatures, and consumption of undercooked or rare meat should be avoided
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How to Cite
Santoso, J. L., Adrianto, H., Tandean, V. S., Yuwono, V. K., Santoso, N. B., Juliasih, N. N., Sayogo, W., Bravimasta, B. D., Firmanto, I. A. and Afifah, B. (2025) “Deteksi Kontaminasi Toxoplasma gondii Pada Daging Kambing di Bali dengan Primer BAG1 ”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 7(6), pp. 4337-4343. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v7i6.1710.
References
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Ait Issad, N., Abdelouahed, K., Bekhouche, S., Boubeuker, R., Hamoudi Adjmi, H., Ouchene-Khelifi, N. A., Ouchene, N., Ait Oudhia, K., & Khelef, D. (2020). Molecular detection of the B1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii in blood samples of female sheep and goats in Tebessa, northeastern Algeria. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 72(August), 101530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101530
Alijani, M., Saffar, B., Yosefi Darani, H., Mahzounieh, M., Fasihi-Ramandi, M., Shakshi-Niaei, M., Soltani, S., Ghaemi, A., & Shirian, S. (2023). Immunological evaluation of a novel multi-antigenic DNA vaccine encoding SAG1, SAG3, MIC4, GRA5, GRA7, AMA1and BAG1 against Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice. Experimental Parasitology, 244(January), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108409
Almeria, S., & Dubey, J. P. (2021). Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade. An overview. Research in Veterinary Science, 135(March), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.019
Arruda, I. F., Millar, P. R., Balaro, M. F. A., Bonifácio, T. F., Ramos, R. C. F., & Amendoeira, M. R. R. (2024). Experimental protocol to Toxoplasma gondii detection in fresh goat milk. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6895089
Basso, W., Holenweger, F., Schares, G., Müller, N., Campero, L. M., Ardüser, F., Moore-Jones, G., Frey, C. F., & Zanolari, P. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep and goats in Switzerland: Seroprevalence and occurrence in aborted foetuses. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 28(August), e00176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00176
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Dubey, J. P. (2021). Outbreaks of clinical Toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned. Parasites and Vectors, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4
Ducrocq, J., Simon, A., Lemire, M., De Serres, G., & Lévesque, B. (2021). Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii through consumption of raw or undercooked meat: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 21(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2020.2639
Handojo, C. M., Apsari, I. A. P., & Widyastuti, S. K. (2021). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Strongyloides Papillosus in Goats in Denpasar City. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 10(2), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2021.10.2.245
Ji, M. J., Cho, H. C., Park, Y. J., Jang, D. H., Park, J., & Choi, K. S. (2023). Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in blood samples of domestic livestock in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens, 12(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040547
Kusuma, I. P., Adrianto, H., Agung, P. P., Yuwono, K., Handari, S. D., Dion, A., & Nidom, A. N. (2025). Pemeriksaan DNA BAG1 Toxoplasma gondii dalam organ hati ayam kampung di pasar di Surabaya. Prepotif, 9(April), 2272–2277.
Layton, J., Theiopoulou, D. C., Rutenberg, D., Elshereye, A., Zhang, Y., Sinnott, J., Kim, K., Montoya, J. G., & Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G. (2023). Clinical spectrum, radiological findings, and outcomes of severe toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent hosts: a systematic review. Pathogens, 12(4), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040543
Marín-García, P. J., Planas, N., & Llobat, L. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii in foods: prevalence, control, and safety. Foods, 11(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162542
Qi, T., Ai, J., Sun, Y., Ma, H., Kang, M., You, X., & Li, J. (2022). Application of Toxoplasma gondii-specific SAG1, GRA7 and BAG1 proteins in serodiagnosis of animal toxoplasmosis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12(December), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1029768
Rani, S., & Pradhan, A. K. (2021). Evaluating uncertainty and variability associated with Toxoplasma gondii survival during cooking and low temperature storage of fresh cut meats. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 341(November 2020), 109031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109031
Razooqi, M. A., Gharban, H. A. J., & Al-Kaabi, M. A. F. (2022). Molecular and Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Goats’ Blood and Milk in Iraq. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(5), 1749–1755. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.357809.2106
Rodrigues, A. A., Reis, S. S., Moraes, E. da S., do Nascimento Araújo, E. M. A., Zanine, A. de M., Nascimento, T. V. C., Garcia, J. L., & da Cunha, I. A. L. (2022). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in goats. Acta Tropica, 230(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106411
Rostami, A., Riahi, S. M., Gamble, H. R., Fakhri, Y., Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M., Danesh, M., Behniafar, H., Paktinat, S., Foroutan, M., Mokdad, A. H., Hotez, P. J., & Gasser, R. B. (2020). Global prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(6), 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.01.008
Shoukat, T., Awan, U. A., Mahmood, T., Afzal, M. S., Wasif, S., Ahmed, H., & Cao, J. (2022). Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis among the Pakistani population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens, 11(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060675
Stopić, M., Štajner, T., Marković-Denić, L., Nikolić, V., Djilas, I., Jovanović Srzentić, S., Djurković-Djaković, O., & Bobić, B. (2022). Epidemiology of Toxoplasmosis in SERBIA: A Cross-Sectional Study on Blood Donors. Microorganisms, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030492
Symeonidou, I., Sioutas, G., Lazou, T., Gelasakis, A. I., & Papadopoulos, E. (2023). A review of Toxoplasma gondii in animals in Greece: a food borne pathogen of public health importance. Animals, 13(15), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152530
Yi, X. L., Yang, W. H., Zheng, H. L., Cao, M. L., Xiong, J., Chen, W. C., Zhou, Y. J., Li, F., Zhu, X. Q., & Liu, G. H. (2024). Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in beef cattle and goats in Hunan province, China. Parasites and Vectors, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06283-9
Ahaduzaaman, & Hasan, T. (2022). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats from di?erent geographical regions of the world: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(6), 3790–3822.
Ait Issad, N., Abdelouahed, K., Bekhouche, S., Boubeuker, R., Hamoudi Adjmi, H., Ouchene-Khelifi, N. A., Ouchene, N., Ait Oudhia, K., & Khelef, D. (2020). Molecular detection of the B1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii in blood samples of female sheep and goats in Tebessa, northeastern Algeria. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 72(August), 101530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101530
Alijani, M., Saffar, B., Yosefi Darani, H., Mahzounieh, M., Fasihi-Ramandi, M., Shakshi-Niaei, M., Soltani, S., Ghaemi, A., & Shirian, S. (2023). Immunological evaluation of a novel multi-antigenic DNA vaccine encoding SAG1, SAG3, MIC4, GRA5, GRA7, AMA1and BAG1 against Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice. Experimental Parasitology, 244(January), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108409
Almeria, S., & Dubey, J. P. (2021). Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade. An overview. Research in Veterinary Science, 135(March), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.019
Arruda, I. F., Millar, P. R., Balaro, M. F. A., Bonifácio, T. F., Ramos, R. C. F., & Amendoeira, M. R. R. (2024). Experimental protocol to Toxoplasma gondii detection in fresh goat milk. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6895089
Basso, W., Holenweger, F., Schares, G., Müller, N., Campero, L. M., Ardüser, F., Moore-Jones, G., Frey, C. F., & Zanolari, P. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep and goats in Switzerland: Seroprevalence and occurrence in aborted foetuses. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 28(August), e00176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00176
Dahmane, A., Almeida, D., Reghaissia, N., Baroudi, D., Samari, H., Abdelli, A., Laatamna, A. E., & Mesquita, J. R. (2024). Seroprevalence assessment and risk factor analysis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats from Northeastern Algeria. Animals, 14(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060883
Dubey, J. P. (2021). Outbreaks of clinical Toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned. Parasites and Vectors, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04769-4
Ducrocq, J., Simon, A., Lemire, M., De Serres, G., & Lévesque, B. (2021). Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii through consumption of raw or undercooked meat: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 21(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2020.2639
Handojo, C. M., Apsari, I. A. P., & Widyastuti, S. K. (2021). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Strongyloides Papillosus in Goats in Denpasar City. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 10(2), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2021.10.2.245
Ji, M. J., Cho, H. C., Park, Y. J., Jang, D. H., Park, J., & Choi, K. S. (2023). Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in blood samples of domestic livestock in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens, 12(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040547
Kusuma, I. P., Adrianto, H., Agung, P. P., Yuwono, K., Handari, S. D., Dion, A., & Nidom, A. N. (2025). Pemeriksaan DNA BAG1 Toxoplasma gondii dalam organ hati ayam kampung di pasar di Surabaya. Prepotif, 9(April), 2272–2277.
Layton, J., Theiopoulou, D. C., Rutenberg, D., Elshereye, A., Zhang, Y., Sinnott, J., Kim, K., Montoya, J. G., & Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G. (2023). Clinical spectrum, radiological findings, and outcomes of severe toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent hosts: a systematic review. Pathogens, 12(4), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040543
Marín-García, P. J., Planas, N., & Llobat, L. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii in foods: prevalence, control, and safety. Foods, 11(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162542
Qi, T., Ai, J., Sun, Y., Ma, H., Kang, M., You, X., & Li, J. (2022). Application of Toxoplasma gondii-specific SAG1, GRA7 and BAG1 proteins in serodiagnosis of animal toxoplasmosis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12(December), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1029768
Rani, S., & Pradhan, A. K. (2021). Evaluating uncertainty and variability associated with Toxoplasma gondii survival during cooking and low temperature storage of fresh cut meats. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 341(November 2020), 109031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109031
Razooqi, M. A., Gharban, H. A. J., & Al-Kaabi, M. A. F. (2022). Molecular and Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Goats’ Blood and Milk in Iraq. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(5), 1749–1755. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.357809.2106
Rodrigues, A. A., Reis, S. S., Moraes, E. da S., do Nascimento Araújo, E. M. A., Zanine, A. de M., Nascimento, T. V. C., Garcia, J. L., & da Cunha, I. A. L. (2022). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in goats. Acta Tropica, 230(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106411
Rostami, A., Riahi, S. M., Gamble, H. R., Fakhri, Y., Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M., Danesh, M., Behniafar, H., Paktinat, S., Foroutan, M., Mokdad, A. H., Hotez, P. J., & Gasser, R. B. (2020). Global prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(6), 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.01.008
Shoukat, T., Awan, U. A., Mahmood, T., Afzal, M. S., Wasif, S., Ahmed, H., & Cao, J. (2022). Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis among the Pakistani population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens, 11(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060675
Stopić, M., Štajner, T., Marković-Denić, L., Nikolić, V., Djilas, I., Jovanović Srzentić, S., Djurković-Djaković, O., & Bobić, B. (2022). Epidemiology of Toxoplasmosis in SERBIA: A Cross-Sectional Study on Blood Donors. Microorganisms, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030492
Symeonidou, I., Sioutas, G., Lazou, T., Gelasakis, A. I., & Papadopoulos, E. (2023). A review of Toxoplasma gondii in animals in Greece: a food borne pathogen of public health importance. Animals, 13(15), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152530
Yi, X. L., Yang, W. H., Zheng, H. L., Cao, M. L., Xiong, J., Chen, W. C., Zhou, Y. J., Li, F., Zhu, X. Q., & Liu, G. H. (2024). Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in beef cattle and goats in Hunan province, China. Parasites and Vectors, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06283-9