Bioactivity of Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels.) Leaf Ethanolic Extract as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Streptococcus Sanguinis
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Published
Nov 23, 2025
Abstract
Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels. known as Sengkubak, is a natural-based potential antioxidant and antibacterial from the Menispermaceae family. Streptococcus sanguinis is a primary colonizer bacteria that is consistent in biofilm formation. This study attempted to identify S. sanguinis inhibition from antibacterial and antioxidant bioactivity of sengkubak leaf extract. Sengkubak leaves samples were extracted with 70% ethanol through 72 hours (3x24) maceration. Phytochemicals were identified qualitatively and quantitatively through analysis of total quercetin and phenolic content. Antioxidants were tested using the DPPH method. S. sanguinis sensitivity was tested through liquid microdilution method. The extract of sengkubak leaves has a yield of 16.30% (w/w). Qualitative screening showed positive results for flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids. TFC (quercetin) in extract was 5.22±0.969 QE/g and TPC was 4.08±1.005 mg GAE/g. The IC50 antioxidant value of extract was 40.136 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration value is shown at 5×10⁴ µg/mL. This research study proves that ethanol extract of sengkubak leaves holds various phytochemical compounds which are likely utilized as potent antioxidants and have inhibitory effect against S.sanguinis.
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How to Cite
Cicilia, C. O., Yudianto, A. and Putri, R. E. (2025) “Bioactivity of Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels.) Leaf Ethanolic Extract as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Streptococcus Sanguinis ”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(1), pp. 812-823. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i1.1922.
References
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Mohammed, N. K., Muhialdin, B. J., Masri, N. S., Sukor, R., Abd-El Aziem, F., & Meor Hussin, A. S. (2020). Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tubu (Pycnarrhena longifolia) leaves used as ingredient in traditional functional foods. Food Research, 4(3), 823–830. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).285
Nurhayati, L. S., Yahdiyani, N., & Hidayatulloh, A. (2020). Perbandingan Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri Starter Yogurt dengan Metode Difusi Sumuran dan Metode Difusi Cakram. Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 1(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.24198/jthp.v1i2.27537
Pamuji, R. W., Fajriaty, I., & Purwanti, N. U. (2015). UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SENGKUBAK (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels) TERHADAP TIKUS BETINA GALUR WISTAR DENGAN METODE OECD 425. In Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis (Vol. 53, Issue 9). https://www.scoutsecuador.org/site/sites/default/files/%5Bbiblioteca%5D/5.1 Conservacion de alimentos y Recetas sencillas.pdf%0Ahttp://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/245180/245180.pdf%0Ahttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/245180%0Ahttp://dx
Paraswati, D. (2015). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Buah Oyong (Luffa Acutangula (L.) Roxb.) dan Jamur Tiram (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Dengan Metode Dpph (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). J. Akademika Kim., 5(1), 91–96.
Pękal, A., & Pyrzynska, K. (2014). Evaluation of Aluminium Complexation Reaction for Flavonoid Content Assay. Food Analytical Methods, 7, 1776–1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-9814-x
Purba, D. M., Wibowo, M. A., & Ardiningsih, P. (2014). Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Sitotoksik Ekstrak Metanol Daun Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels.). Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 3(2), 7–12.
Roni, A., Kurnia, D., & Hafsyah, N. (2022). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Ekstrak Batang Brotowali (Tinospora crispa L.) Dengan Metode CUPRAC. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 7(1), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v7i1.856
Sangadah, K., & Kartawidjaja, J. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) sebagai Kandidat Kosmetic Antiacne. In Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (Vol. 21, Issue 1).
Sari, D. Y., R, W., & AN, T. (2021). Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Jamur Susu Harimau (Lignosus rhinocerus). Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 10(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.24843/jfu.2021.v10.i01.p03
Sarifati, Y. B., Ismail, S., & Kosala, K. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mekai (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 6(2), 246. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v6i2.369
Septiani, D., Sughesti, D., Susanti, D., Polmauly, M. T., & Novitasari, S. (2022). Pentingnya Menjaga Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut. Dedikasi PKM UNPAM, 3(1), 56–66.
Sholikhah, E. N., Maulina Diah, Mustofa, Masriani, Susi Iravati, & Samekto Wibowo. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. methanol extract. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy, 2(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijpther.1656
Soelama, H. J. J., Kepel, B. J., & Siagian, K. V. (2015). Uji Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Ekstrak Rumput Laut (Eucheuma cottonii) Sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Streptococcus mutans. E-GIGI, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.3.2.2015.9630
Suoth, E., Kaempe, H., & Tampi, A. (2013). Evaluasi Kandungan Total Polifenol dan Isolasi Senyawa Flavonoid Pada Daun Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus manihot L.). Chem. Prog, 6(2), 86–91.
Syafitri, N. E., Bintang, M., & Falah, S. (2014). Kandungan Fitokimia , Total Fenol , dan Total Flavonoid Ekstrak Buah Harendong (Melastoma affine D. Don). Current Biochemistry, 1(3), 105.
Umayah, E., & Rachmawati, E. (2005). Standardisasi Ekstrak Batang Kayu Kuning ( Arcangelisia flava ( L .) Merr ). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tantangan Terkini Perkembangan Obat Dan Aplikasi Klinis, 20–25.
Wu, T., He, M., Zang, X., Zhou, Y., Qiu, T., Pan, S., & Xu, X. (2013). A structure-activity relationship study of flavonoids as inhibitors of E. coli by membrane interaction effect. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, 1828(11), 2751–2756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.029
Zakki, M. (2017). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Cathechin Teh Putih Terhadap. ODONTO Dental Journal, 4(2), 108–113.
Arnanda, Q. P., & Nuwarda, R. F. (2019). Penggunaan Radiofarmaka Teknisium-99M Dari Senyawa Glutation dan Senyawa Flavonoid Sebagai Deteksi Dini Radikal Bebas Pemicu Kanker. Farmaka Suplemen, 14(1), 1–15. https://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/farmaka/article/view/22071
Hutomo, S., Putri, D. U., Suryanto, Y. I., & Susilowati, H. (2018). Potential immunomodulatory activity of Phyllanthus niruri aqueous extract on macrophage infected with Streptococcus sanguinis. Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi), 51(3), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i3.p124
Hutomo, S., Putri, D. U., Welviyanda, B. C., & Susilowati, H. (2021). Inhibition Effect of Garlic ( Allium sativum ) Extract on Streptococcus sanguinis Biofilm Formation Involving Bacterial Motility Mechanism. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences and Health Sciences, 17(2), 169–174.
Iriani E. S., Tarigan, N., Maris, P., Kardinan, A., & Perkasa, G. (2021). Inovasi Tanaman Rempah dan Obat. In Warta Balitro (Vol. 38, Issue 75, pp. 3–5).
Kemala, D., Hendiani, I., & Satari, M. H. (2018). Uji daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana L) terhadap Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556. Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students, 2(2), 137. https://doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v3i1.21447
Mansoor, S., Wani, O. A., Lone, J. K., Manhas, S., Kour, N., Alam, P., Ahmad, A., & Ahmad, P. (2022). Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: From Source to Sink. Antioxidants, 11(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020225
Mardiani, I., Subekti, S., & Cahyoko, Y. (2012). DAYA ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK RUMPUT LAUT ( Eucheuma cottonii ) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Vibrio harveyi DENGAN METODE DILUSI SECARA IN VITRO. In Media Journal Of Aquaculture And Fish Health (Vol. 1, Issue 2).
Masriani. (2019). The Cytotoxic Activities of the Extracts of Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora) As Apoptosis Inducers to Hela Cervical Cancer Cells. Journal of Chemical Natural Resources, 1(2), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v1i2.1256
Masriani, Mustofa, Jumina, Sunarti, & Enawaty, E. (2014). Cytotoxic and pro-apototic activities of crude alkaloid from root of sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers) Diels) in human breast cancer T47D cell line. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences, 2(5), 2321–6883. www.saspublisher.com
Mohammed, N. K., Muhialdin, B. J., Masri, N. S., Sukor, R., Abd-El Aziem, F., & Meor Hussin, A. S. (2020). Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tubu (Pycnarrhena longifolia) leaves used as ingredient in traditional functional foods. Food Research, 4(3), 823–830. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).285
Nurhayati, L. S., Yahdiyani, N., & Hidayatulloh, A. (2020). Perbandingan Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri Starter Yogurt dengan Metode Difusi Sumuran dan Metode Difusi Cakram. Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 1(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.24198/jthp.v1i2.27537
Pamuji, R. W., Fajriaty, I., & Purwanti, N. U. (2015). UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SENGKUBAK (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels) TERHADAP TIKUS BETINA GALUR WISTAR DENGAN METODE OECD 425. In Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis (Vol. 53, Issue 9). https://www.scoutsecuador.org/site/sites/default/files/%5Bbiblioteca%5D/5.1 Conservacion de alimentos y Recetas sencillas.pdf%0Ahttp://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/245180/245180.pdf%0Ahttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/245180%0Ahttp://dx
Paraswati, D. (2015). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Buah Oyong (Luffa Acutangula (L.) Roxb.) dan Jamur Tiram (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Dengan Metode Dpph (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). J. Akademika Kim., 5(1), 91–96.
Pękal, A., & Pyrzynska, K. (2014). Evaluation of Aluminium Complexation Reaction for Flavonoid Content Assay. Food Analytical Methods, 7, 1776–1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-9814-x
Purba, D. M., Wibowo, M. A., & Ardiningsih, P. (2014). Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Sitotoksik Ekstrak Metanol Daun Sengkubak (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels.). Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 3(2), 7–12.
Roni, A., Kurnia, D., & Hafsyah, N. (2022). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Ekstrak Batang Brotowali (Tinospora crispa L.) Dengan Metode CUPRAC. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 7(1), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v7i1.856
Sangadah, K., & Kartawidjaja, J. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) sebagai Kandidat Kosmetic Antiacne. In Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (Vol. 21, Issue 1).
Sari, D. Y., R, W., & AN, T. (2021). Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Jamur Susu Harimau (Lignosus rhinocerus). Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 10(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.24843/jfu.2021.v10.i01.p03
Sarifati, Y. B., Ismail, S., & Kosala, K. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mekai (Pycnarrhena cauliflora Diels.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 6(2), 246. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v6i2.369
Septiani, D., Sughesti, D., Susanti, D., Polmauly, M. T., & Novitasari, S. (2022). Pentingnya Menjaga Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut. Dedikasi PKM UNPAM, 3(1), 56–66.
Sholikhah, E. N., Maulina Diah, Mustofa, Masriani, Susi Iravati, & Samekto Wibowo. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. methanol extract. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy, 2(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijpther.1656
Soelama, H. J. J., Kepel, B. J., & Siagian, K. V. (2015). Uji Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Ekstrak Rumput Laut (Eucheuma cottonii) Sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Streptococcus mutans. E-GIGI, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.3.2.2015.9630
Suoth, E., Kaempe, H., & Tampi, A. (2013). Evaluasi Kandungan Total Polifenol dan Isolasi Senyawa Flavonoid Pada Daun Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus manihot L.). Chem. Prog, 6(2), 86–91.
Syafitri, N. E., Bintang, M., & Falah, S. (2014). Kandungan Fitokimia , Total Fenol , dan Total Flavonoid Ekstrak Buah Harendong (Melastoma affine D. Don). Current Biochemistry, 1(3), 105.
Umayah, E., & Rachmawati, E. (2005). Standardisasi Ekstrak Batang Kayu Kuning ( Arcangelisia flava ( L .) Merr ). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tantangan Terkini Perkembangan Obat Dan Aplikasi Klinis, 20–25.
Wu, T., He, M., Zang, X., Zhou, Y., Qiu, T., Pan, S., & Xu, X. (2013). A structure-activity relationship study of flavonoids as inhibitors of E. coli by membrane interaction effect. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, 1828(11), 2751–2756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.029
Zakki, M. (2017). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Cathechin Teh Putih Terhadap. ODONTO Dental Journal, 4(2), 108–113.