Trends, Frameworks, and Reference Models in Public Sector Enterprise Architecture: A Systematic Review
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Published
Jun 18, 2026
Abstract
Global Trends and Reference Models in Public Sector Enterprise Architecture: A Systematic Review” examines enterprise architecture implementation in the public sector across countries. Enterprise architecture is increasingly used as a strategic instrument to support digital transformation and interoperability, yet existing studies remain fragmented and lack cross-country synthesis. This study aims to identify global trends, reference models, best practices, and challenges in public sector enterprise architecture implementation. The method used is a systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol, analyzing 23 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025. The results show that The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) is the most frequently adopted framework and often becomes the basis for localized national models. This study identifies 15 reference models classified into national-level, domain-specific, regional government, and organizational agile models. Successful implementation is influenced by government commitment, inter-agency collaboration, and alignment with digital transformation strategies. The study concludes that enterprise architecture plays both strategic and technical roles in strengthening public governance. For public sector policymakers, the findings indicate that EA initiatives should be supported by clear governance mandates, cross-agency coordination mechanisms, and contextual adaptation of global frameworks to national priorities and institutional capacity.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Hak Cipta :
Penulis yang mempublikasikan manuskripnya di jurnal ini menyetujui ketentuan berikut:
- Hak cipta pada setiap artikel adalah milik penulis.
- Penulis mengakui bahwa Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development berhak menjadi yang pertama menerbitkan dengan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (Attribution 4.0 International CC BY 4.0) .
- Penulis dapat mengirimkan artikel secara terpisah, mengatur distribusi non-eksklusif manuskrip yang telah diterbitkan dalam jurnal ini ke versi lain (misalnya, dikirim ke repositori institusi penulis, publikasi ke dalam buku, dll.), dengan mengakui bahwa manuskrip telah diterbitkan pertama kali di Ranah Research.
How to Cite
Ghaisani, A., Purnomo, D., Sensuse, D. I., Lusa, S. and Ramlan, N. (2026) “Trends, Frameworks, and Reference Models in Public Sector Enterprise Architecture: A Systematic Review”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(4), pp. 2256-2268. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i4.2105.
References
Agarwal, R., Thakur, V., & Chauhan, R. (2017). Enterprise architecture for e-Government. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Part F128003, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1145/3047273.3047330
Ahmad, N. A. (2020). The Adoption of Enterprise Architecture by Public Sector Organizations. IEEE.
Ahmad, N. A., Drus, S. M., & Kasim, H. (2020). Factors That Influence the Adoption of Enterprise Architecture by Public Sector Organizations: An Empirical Study. IEEE Access, 8, 98847–98873. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2996584
Ahmadi, H., & Taheri, N. (2021). Presenting a Reference Architecture for Developing Single Window System of Executive Departments (Case Study: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance). Proceedings of 5th National Conference on Advances in Enterprise Architecture, NCAEA 2021, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/NCAEA54556.2021.9690502
Ajer, A. K. S., & Olsen, D. H. (2018). Enterprise architecture challenges: A case study of three Norwegian public sectors. In U. Frank, K. Kautz, & P. M. Bednar (Eds.), 26th European Conference on Information Systems: Beyond Digitization - Facets of Socio-Technical Change, ECIS 2018. Association for Information Systems. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061302286&partnerID=40&md5=eb3a1731b6e51248fe2a7b4f9bd53604
Anthony Jnr, B. (2020). Smart city data architecture for energy prosumption in municipalities: concepts, requirements, and future directions. International Journal of Green Energy, 17(13), 827–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2020.1791878
Barramouel, Fatimazahra., El Brirchi, Hassan., & Mansouri, Khalifa. (2020). Adaptive Enterprise Architecture M-NEA for Moroccan National System: Towards Moroccan Smart-overnment. IEEE.
Bastidas, V., Bezbradica, M., Bilauca, M., Healy, M., & Helfert, M. (2023). Enterprise Architecture in Smart Cities: Developing an Empirical Grounded Research Agenda. Journal of Urban Technology, 30(1), 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2022.2122681
Bastidas, V., Reychav, I., & Helfert, M. (2023). Design principles for strategic alignment in smart city enterprise architectures (SCEA). Procedia Computer Science, 219, 848–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.359
Bhatia, K., Pandey, S. K., & Singh, V. K. (2023). Enterprise Architecture Frameworks for Security Establishment. 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication, AISC 2023, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/AISC56616.2023.10085439
Bui, Q. N., & Lyytinen, K. (2022). Aligning adoption messages with audiences’ priorities: A mixed-methods study of the diffusion of enterprise architecture among the US state governments. Information and Organization, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2022.100423
Correia, A. M. M., Veiga, C. P. da, Senff, C. O., & Duclós, L. C. (2021). Analysis of the Maturity Level of Business Processes for Science and Technology Parks. SAGE Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211037303
Dang, D. D., & Pekkola, S. (2016). Root causes of Enterprise architecture problems in the public sector. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, PACIS 2016 - Proceedings. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011114091&partnerID=40&md5=1b5ede8522c1c75b0d297b44ea906983
Darmawan, A. K., Masykur, F., Muhsi, M., Umam, B. A., & Rofiuddin, R. (2022). Proposing Enterprise Architecture for Smart Regencies in Indonesia: A Perspective of Zachman Framework (ZF). 9th International Conference on ICT for Smart Society: Recover Together, Recover Stronger and Smarter Smartization, Governance and Collaboration, ICISS 2022 - Proceeding. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISS55894.2022.9915118
Fahlevi, A. H., Nugraha, R. A., Falahah, & Arief Mujahidillah, S. (2023). Enterprise Architecture Design on Technology Domain Using TOGAF Framework (Case Study: Communication and Informatics Office of Bandung City Government). 2023 International Conference on Digital Business and Technology Management, ICONDBTM 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICONDBTM59210.2023.10327131
Fayoumi, A., & Williams, R. (2021). An integrated socio-technical enterprise modelling: A scenario of healthcare system analysis and design. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100221
Gallegos-Baeza, D., Caro, A., Rodríguez, A., & Velásquez, I. (2023). Aligning business strategy and information technologies in local governments using enterprise architectures. Information Development, 39(1), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669211030619
Gill, A., & Hansnata, M. (2024). Digital Government Ecosystem: Adaptive Architecture for Digital and ICT Investment Decision Making. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1145/3657054.3657119
Janssen, M., & Kuk, G. (2006). A complex adaptive system perspective of enterprise architecture in electronic government. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 4, 71b. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2006.6
Mayer, N., & Aubert, J. (2021). A risk management framework for security and integrity of networks and services. Journal of Risk Research, 24(8), 987–998. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1779786
Mohamed, A. A., Abdo, A., Egypt, I., & El-Bendary, N. (2021). Law Architecture for Regulatory-Compliant Public Enterprise Model: A Focus on Healthcare Reform in Egypt. In IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (Vol. 12, Number 6). www.ijacsa.thesai.org
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Antes, G., Atkins, D., Barbour, V., Barrowman, N., Berlin, J. A., Clark, J., Clarke, M., Cook, D., D’Amico, R., Deeks, J. J., Devereaux, P. J., Dickersin, K., Egger, M., Ernst, E., Gøtzsche, P. C., … Tugwell, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. In PLoS Medicine (Vol. 6, Number 7). Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Namagembe, F., Nakakawa, A., Tulinayo, F. P., Proper, H. A., & Overbeek, S. (2023). Towards an E-Government Enterprise Architecture Framework for Developing Economies. Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly, 2023(35), 30–66. https://doi.org/10.7250/csimq.2023-35.02
Othman, M. M., Ahmad, N. A., Bunjari, H., & Ramli, S. (2020). Exploring enterprise architecture adoption in public sector organization: A case study of accountant general’s department of malaysia. Colloquium in Information Science and Technology, CIST, 2020-June, 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/CiSt49399.2021.9357251
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. In The BMJ (Vol. 372). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Schmitz, A., & Wimmer, M. A. (2023). Framework for interoperable service architecture development. Government Information Quarterly, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101869
Seppänen, V., Heikkilä, J., & Liimatainen, K. (2009). Key issues in EA-implementation: Case study of two Finnish government agencies. 2009 IEEE Conference on Commerce and Enterprise Computing, CEC 2009, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2009.70
Thirasakthana, M., & Kiattisin, S. (2021). Sustainable government enterprise architecture framework. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020879
Trimanadi, R., & Indra Sensuse, D. (2025). Understanding Government Enterprise Architecture: A Review and Case Study. IEEE Access, 13, 90088–90108. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3571742
Trimanadi, R., & Sensuse, D. I. (2024). Constraints Assessment in Implementation of Indonesian Government Enterprise Architecture: A Review. 2024 International Conference on Smart Computing, IoT and Machine Learning, SIML 2024, 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIML61815.2024.10578101
Van Wessel, R. M., Kroon, P., & De Vries, H. J. (2023). Scaling Agile Company Wide: The Organizational Challenge of Combining Agile Scaling Frameworks and Enterprise Architecture in Service Companies. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 51(3), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2023.3277128
Werner, T., & Lehan, A. (2023). Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) as a fundamental approach for the digital transformation of the German road infrastructure management. Transportation Research Procedia, 72, 1098–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.564
Yamamoto, S. (2022). Analysis of Smart City Reference Architecture by ArchiMate. Procedia Computer Science, 207, 514–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.106
Ahmad, N. A. (2020). The Adoption of Enterprise Architecture by Public Sector Organizations. IEEE.
Ahmad, N. A., Drus, S. M., & Kasim, H. (2020). Factors That Influence the Adoption of Enterprise Architecture by Public Sector Organizations: An Empirical Study. IEEE Access, 8, 98847–98873. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2996584
Ahmadi, H., & Taheri, N. (2021). Presenting a Reference Architecture for Developing Single Window System of Executive Departments (Case Study: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance). Proceedings of 5th National Conference on Advances in Enterprise Architecture, NCAEA 2021, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/NCAEA54556.2021.9690502
Ajer, A. K. S., & Olsen, D. H. (2018). Enterprise architecture challenges: A case study of three Norwegian public sectors. In U. Frank, K. Kautz, & P. M. Bednar (Eds.), 26th European Conference on Information Systems: Beyond Digitization - Facets of Socio-Technical Change, ECIS 2018. Association for Information Systems. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061302286&partnerID=40&md5=eb3a1731b6e51248fe2a7b4f9bd53604
Anthony Jnr, B. (2020). Smart city data architecture for energy prosumption in municipalities: concepts, requirements, and future directions. International Journal of Green Energy, 17(13), 827–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2020.1791878
Barramouel, Fatimazahra., El Brirchi, Hassan., & Mansouri, Khalifa. (2020). Adaptive Enterprise Architecture M-NEA for Moroccan National System: Towards Moroccan Smart-overnment. IEEE.
Bastidas, V., Bezbradica, M., Bilauca, M., Healy, M., & Helfert, M. (2023). Enterprise Architecture in Smart Cities: Developing an Empirical Grounded Research Agenda. Journal of Urban Technology, 30(1), 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2022.2122681
Bastidas, V., Reychav, I., & Helfert, M. (2023). Design principles for strategic alignment in smart city enterprise architectures (SCEA). Procedia Computer Science, 219, 848–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.359
Bhatia, K., Pandey, S. K., & Singh, V. K. (2023). Enterprise Architecture Frameworks for Security Establishment. 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication, AISC 2023, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/AISC56616.2023.10085439
Bui, Q. N., & Lyytinen, K. (2022). Aligning adoption messages with audiences’ priorities: A mixed-methods study of the diffusion of enterprise architecture among the US state governments. Information and Organization, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2022.100423
Correia, A. M. M., Veiga, C. P. da, Senff, C. O., & Duclós, L. C. (2021). Analysis of the Maturity Level of Business Processes for Science and Technology Parks. SAGE Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211037303
Dang, D. D., & Pekkola, S. (2016). Root causes of Enterprise architecture problems in the public sector. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, PACIS 2016 - Proceedings. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011114091&partnerID=40&md5=1b5ede8522c1c75b0d297b44ea906983
Darmawan, A. K., Masykur, F., Muhsi, M., Umam, B. A., & Rofiuddin, R. (2022). Proposing Enterprise Architecture for Smart Regencies in Indonesia: A Perspective of Zachman Framework (ZF). 9th International Conference on ICT for Smart Society: Recover Together, Recover Stronger and Smarter Smartization, Governance and Collaboration, ICISS 2022 - Proceeding. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISS55894.2022.9915118
Fahlevi, A. H., Nugraha, R. A., Falahah, & Arief Mujahidillah, S. (2023). Enterprise Architecture Design on Technology Domain Using TOGAF Framework (Case Study: Communication and Informatics Office of Bandung City Government). 2023 International Conference on Digital Business and Technology Management, ICONDBTM 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICONDBTM59210.2023.10327131
Fayoumi, A., & Williams, R. (2021). An integrated socio-technical enterprise modelling: A scenario of healthcare system analysis and design. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100221
Gallegos-Baeza, D., Caro, A., Rodríguez, A., & Velásquez, I. (2023). Aligning business strategy and information technologies in local governments using enterprise architectures. Information Development, 39(1), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669211030619
Gill, A., & Hansnata, M. (2024). Digital Government Ecosystem: Adaptive Architecture for Digital and ICT Investment Decision Making. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1145/3657054.3657119
Janssen, M., & Kuk, G. (2006). A complex adaptive system perspective of enterprise architecture in electronic government. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 4, 71b. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2006.6
Mayer, N., & Aubert, J. (2021). A risk management framework for security and integrity of networks and services. Journal of Risk Research, 24(8), 987–998. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1779786
Mohamed, A. A., Abdo, A., Egypt, I., & El-Bendary, N. (2021). Law Architecture for Regulatory-Compliant Public Enterprise Model: A Focus on Healthcare Reform in Egypt. In IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (Vol. 12, Number 6). www.ijacsa.thesai.org
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Antes, G., Atkins, D., Barbour, V., Barrowman, N., Berlin, J. A., Clark, J., Clarke, M., Cook, D., D’Amico, R., Deeks, J. J., Devereaux, P. J., Dickersin, K., Egger, M., Ernst, E., Gøtzsche, P. C., … Tugwell, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. In PLoS Medicine (Vol. 6, Number 7). Public Library of Science. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Namagembe, F., Nakakawa, A., Tulinayo, F. P., Proper, H. A., & Overbeek, S. (2023). Towards an E-Government Enterprise Architecture Framework for Developing Economies. Complex Systems Informatics and Modeling Quarterly, 2023(35), 30–66. https://doi.org/10.7250/csimq.2023-35.02
Othman, M. M., Ahmad, N. A., Bunjari, H., & Ramli, S. (2020). Exploring enterprise architecture adoption in public sector organization: A case study of accountant general’s department of malaysia. Colloquium in Information Science and Technology, CIST, 2020-June, 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/CiSt49399.2021.9357251
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. In The BMJ (Vol. 372). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Schmitz, A., & Wimmer, M. A. (2023). Framework for interoperable service architecture development. Government Information Quarterly, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101869
Seppänen, V., Heikkilä, J., & Liimatainen, K. (2009). Key issues in EA-implementation: Case study of two Finnish government agencies. 2009 IEEE Conference on Commerce and Enterprise Computing, CEC 2009, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2009.70
Thirasakthana, M., & Kiattisin, S. (2021). Sustainable government enterprise architecture framework. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020879
Trimanadi, R., & Indra Sensuse, D. (2025). Understanding Government Enterprise Architecture: A Review and Case Study. IEEE Access, 13, 90088–90108. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3571742
Trimanadi, R., & Sensuse, D. I. (2024). Constraints Assessment in Implementation of Indonesian Government Enterprise Architecture: A Review. 2024 International Conference on Smart Computing, IoT and Machine Learning, SIML 2024, 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIML61815.2024.10578101
Van Wessel, R. M., Kroon, P., & De Vries, H. J. (2023). Scaling Agile Company Wide: The Organizational Challenge of Combining Agile Scaling Frameworks and Enterprise Architecture in Service Companies. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 51(3), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2023.3277128
Werner, T., & Lehan, A. (2023). Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) as a fundamental approach for the digital transformation of the German road infrastructure management. Transportation Research Procedia, 72, 1098–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.564
Yamamoto, S. (2022). Analysis of Smart City Reference Architecture by ArchiMate. Procedia Computer Science, 207, 514–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.106