AI-Driven Knowledge Sharing in the Banking Sector: Challenges and Approaches
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Published
Jun 19, 2026
Abstract
Digitalization is becoming increasingly relevant for banking, hence the necessity for a practical Knowledge Management (KM) system that can facilitate rapid innovation and ensure proper regulatory compliance. While there is growing recognition of KM as a strategic driver of performance, it is implemented in a fragmented way within financial institutions and limited by technology, organizational and governance barriers. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, aiming to identify, evaluate and synthesize the academic literature published between 2020 and 2025 on the integration of AI and KM in the banking context. Forty primary studies were examined via narrative synthesis to address two research inquiries: the challenges of AI-driven knowledge sharing (RQ1) and AI-based methodologies and best practices that enhance knowledge management processes (RQ2). The findings identify three main challenge domains data and technology infrastructure, organizational and human factors, and governance, security, and ethics constraints and six main solution categories, including NLP, machine learning, knowledge graphs, expert systems, human-AI hybrid collaboration, and ethical AI governance frameworks. These findings lead to the idea that the use of AI improves the accessibility of knowledge, learning and creativity and its efficiency depends on the capacity of the appropriate KM, absorptive capacity and maturity of governance. The study offers a cohesive framework linking AI innovation to organizational knowledge performance within the finance sector.
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How to Cite
Arviana, N., Dayanti, A. P., Sensuse, D. I., Lusa, S., Mailinda, I. and Fitriasari, N. S. (2026) “AI-Driven Knowledge Sharing in the Banking Sector: Challenges and Approaches”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(4), pp. 2269-2285. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i4.2121.
References
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Alasbahi, R., & Zheng, X. (2022). An online transfer learning framework with extreme learning machine for automated credit scoring. IEEE Access, 10, 46697–46716. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.000000
Alzamil, Z., Appelbaum, D., & Nehmer, R. (2020). An ontological artifact for classifying social media: Text mining analysis for financial data. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 38, 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2020.100469
Anning-Dorson, T., Baba, F., Zulu, M., & Acheampong, G. (2025). Data-driven dynamic capabilities in emerging markets: A grounded theory approach to digital transformation in African retail banking. International Journal of Information Management, 84, 102914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102914
Bunnell, L., Osei-Bryson, K.-M., & Yoon, V. Y. (2020). FinPathlight: Framework for a multiagent recommender system designed to increase consumer financial capability. Decision Support Systems, 134, 113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2020.113306
Chang, V., Baudier, P., Zhang, H., Xu, Q., Zhang, J., & Arami, M. (2020). How blockchain can impact financial services – The overview, challenges and recommendations from expert interviewees. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 158, 120166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120166
Chen, X., Xiao, B., Xu, Q., He, C., & Lin, J. (2021). Block-chain based federated learning for knowledge capital. Procedia Computer Science, 187, 426–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.080
Chen, X., Yang, J., & Wu, B. (2025). How is artificial intelligence shaping the labor demand of firms? Evidence from text-mining analysis of listed companies. Telecommunications Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103055
Chernyak, O., & Fareniuk, Y. (2020). Modeling of effectiveness of media investment based on data science technologies for Ukrainian bank. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2732, 282–289.
Condori-Alejo, H. I., Aceituno-Rojo, M. R., & Alzamora, G. S. (2021). Rural micro credit assessment using machine learning in a Peruvian microfinance institution. Procedia Computer Science, 187, 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.117
Dwivedi, Y. K., et al. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002
Elgargouh, Y., Chbihi Louhdi, M. R., Zemmouri, E. M., & Behja, H. (2024). Knowledge management for improved digital transformation in insurance companies: Systematic review and perspectives. Informatics, 11(3), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030060
Elnaggar, E. A., Abdelrahman, A. I., Arab, M. A. A., Eleraki, R. A. M., & Aziz, S. Z. A. (2025). The artificial intelligence application and its influence on the marketing innovation: Mediation of the marketing knowledge management—An applied study on the Egyptian public commercial banks. Qubahan Academic Journal, 5, 842–859.
Founès, S., & Boudabbous, S. (n.d.). Assessment practices and skills management in Tunisian banks. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS
Gomes, D., Nabil, R. H., & Nur, K. (2020). Banking queue waiting time prediction based on predicted service time using support vector regression. Scopus Indexed Proceedings, 145–149.
Goto, M. (2023). Anticipatory innovation of professional services: The case of auditing and artificial intelligence. Research Policy, 52, 104828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104828
Grosen, S. L., & Edwards, K. (2023). Learning from experiments: Exploring how short time-boxed experiments can contribute to organizational learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 36, 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-08-2023-0138
Hakmaoui, A., Oubrich, M., Calof, J., & El Ghazi, H. (2022). Towards an anticipatory system incorporating corporate foresight and competitive intelligence in creating knowledge: A longitudinal Moroccan bank case study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121139
Hu, B., et al. (2020). Loan default analysis with multiplex graph learning. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340531.3412724
Huang, S. M., Yen, D. C., Yan, T. J., & Yang, Y. T. (2021). An intelligent mechanism to automatically discover emerging technology trends: Exploring regulatory technology. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3485187
Jarrahi, M. H., Askay, D., Eshraghi, A., & Smith, P. (2023). Artificial intelligence and knowledge management: A partnership between human and AI. Business Horizons, 66(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2022.03.002
Kang, W., & Cheung, C. F. (2022). Deep learning-based named entity recognition and knowledge graph for accidents of commercial bank. In IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Innovation and Invention (ICKII) (pp. 103–107). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICKII55100.2022.9983563
Kelebercová, L., & Časnochova Zozuk, N. (2023). Sentiment classification of annual reports in Slovak language using symbolic, subsymbolic and statistic methods. Procedia Computer Science, 225, 3508–3516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.346
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia. (2020). Buku putih peta jalan kecerdasan artifisial nasional. Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia.
Kozak, J., Kania, K., Juszczuk, P., & Mitręga, M. (2021). Swarm intelligence goal-oriented approach to data-driven innovation in customer churn management. International Journal of Information Management, 60, 102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102357
Liu, L., Meng, Q., Lei, K., & Teng, Y. (2024). Self-control and knowledge sharing on Chinese farmers’ credit default: Part-time salary as a moderator. Systems and Soft Computing, 6, 200167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sasc.2024.200167
Liu, Z., et al. (2020). Two-stage audience expansion for financial targeting in marketing. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340531.3412748
Mamadiyorov, Z., Sultanova, N., Makhmudov, S., Khamdamov, S.-J., Mirpulatova, L., & Jumayev, A. (2024). The impact of digitalization on microfinance services in Uzbekistan. In ACM Digital Library. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3644713.3644780
Margiotta, D., Croce, D., Rotoloni, M., Cacciamani, B., & Basili, R. (2023). Business knowledge and neural learning: Organisation-specific transformer via semantic pre-training. Scopus Indexed Journal, 3486, 500–505.
Mittal, A., Singh, S., & Rajest, S. S. (2023). Role of artificial intelligence in knowledge management: An empirical study of industry experts using stepwise multiple regression. International Journal of Electronic Finance, 12, 403–422.
Mohan, R. (2025). Inter-firm imitation of artificial intelligence: Towards innovation and competitive edge in business. Organizational Dynamics, 54, 101114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2024.101114
Molavi, H., Zhang, L., & Khanbabaei, M. (2025). Sustainable financial infrastructure and governance: A fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making analysis of open service innovation in unstable economies. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100485
Nayak, B., Bhattacharyya, S. S., & Krishnamoorthy, B. (2021). Explicating the role of emerging technologies and firm capabilities towards attainment of competitive advantage in health insurance service firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 170, 120892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120892
Ngai, E. W. T., Lee, M. C. M., Luo, M., Chan, P. S. L., & Liang, T. (2021). An intelligent knowledge-based chatbot for customer service. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 50, 101098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101098
Ni, H., Han, L., Chen, T., Sadiq, S., & Demartini, G. (2024). Fairness without sensitive attributes via knowledge sharing. In Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3659014
Page, M. J., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pai, R. Y., et al. (2022). Integrating artificial intelligence for knowledge management systems–synergy among people and technology: A systematic review of the evidence. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2058976
Pangavhane, P., Kolse, S., Avhad, P., Gadekar, T., Darwante, N. K., & Chaudhari, S. V. (2023). Transforming finance through automation using AI-driven personal finance advisors. In IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAKM58659.2023.10449538
Rabieinejad, E., Yazdinejad, A., Hasani, T., Parizi, R. M., & Hammoudeh, M. (2022). An Efficient DeFi-based Data Warehousing Approach in Supply Chain Finance. ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/3508072.3508100
Rodgers, W., Hudson, R., & Economou, F. (2023). Modelling credit and investment decisions based on AI algorithmic behavioral pathways. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, 122471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122471
Shi, Y., & Deng, B. (2024). Finding the sweet spot: Exploring the optimal communication delay for AI feedback tools. Information Processing & Management, 61, 103572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103572
Singh, G., Sharma, M., Nanda, S., & Kadyan, S. (2022). Disruptive technologies and digitalization in insurance: Improving the value chain of insurance. In IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAKM54721.2022.9990452
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Uddin, A., Tao, X., & Yu, D. (2021). Attention based dynamic graph learning framework for asset pricing. In ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/3459637.3482413
Wang, J.-S., & Chen, Y.-T. (2024). Configuring the RegTech business model to explore implications of FinTech. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 26, 100483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2024.100483
Xu, Z., Ni, G., & Hu, R. (2025). AI technology innovation, knowledge management and corporate environmental sustainability: Evidence from Chinese patent data. Technology in Society, 83, 102984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102984
Yuan, Y., Liu, L., & Liu, L. (2021). How does information integration enhance SMEs’ credit quality: The mediating role of supply chain capabilities. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 122, 544–561. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2020-0621
Zhu, P., Li, Y., Hu, Y., Liu, Q., Cheng, D., & Liang, Y. (2024). LSR-IGRU: Stock trend prediction based on long short-term relationships and improved GRU. In ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3680012
Alasbahi, R., & Zheng, X. (2022). An online transfer learning framework with extreme learning machine for automated credit scoring. IEEE Access, 10, 46697–46716. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.000000
Alzamil, Z., Appelbaum, D., & Nehmer, R. (2020). An ontological artifact for classifying social media: Text mining analysis for financial data. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 38, 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2020.100469
Anning-Dorson, T., Baba, F., Zulu, M., & Acheampong, G. (2025). Data-driven dynamic capabilities in emerging markets: A grounded theory approach to digital transformation in African retail banking. International Journal of Information Management, 84, 102914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102914
Bunnell, L., Osei-Bryson, K.-M., & Yoon, V. Y. (2020). FinPathlight: Framework for a multiagent recommender system designed to increase consumer financial capability. Decision Support Systems, 134, 113306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2020.113306
Chang, V., Baudier, P., Zhang, H., Xu, Q., Zhang, J., & Arami, M. (2020). How blockchain can impact financial services – The overview, challenges and recommendations from expert interviewees. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 158, 120166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120166
Chen, X., Xiao, B., Xu, Q., He, C., & Lin, J. (2021). Block-chain based federated learning for knowledge capital. Procedia Computer Science, 187, 426–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.080
Chen, X., Yang, J., & Wu, B. (2025). How is artificial intelligence shaping the labor demand of firms? Evidence from text-mining analysis of listed companies. Telecommunications Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103055
Chernyak, O., & Fareniuk, Y. (2020). Modeling of effectiveness of media investment based on data science technologies for Ukrainian bank. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2732, 282–289.
Condori-Alejo, H. I., Aceituno-Rojo, M. R., & Alzamora, G. S. (2021). Rural micro credit assessment using machine learning in a Peruvian microfinance institution. Procedia Computer Science, 187, 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.117
Dwivedi, Y. K., et al. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002
Elgargouh, Y., Chbihi Louhdi, M. R., Zemmouri, E. M., & Behja, H. (2024). Knowledge management for improved digital transformation in insurance companies: Systematic review and perspectives. Informatics, 11(3), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030060
Elnaggar, E. A., Abdelrahman, A. I., Arab, M. A. A., Eleraki, R. A. M., & Aziz, S. Z. A. (2025). The artificial intelligence application and its influence on the marketing innovation: Mediation of the marketing knowledge management—An applied study on the Egyptian public commercial banks. Qubahan Academic Journal, 5, 842–859.
Founès, S., & Boudabbous, S. (n.d.). Assessment practices and skills management in Tunisian banks. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS
Gomes, D., Nabil, R. H., & Nur, K. (2020). Banking queue waiting time prediction based on predicted service time using support vector regression. Scopus Indexed Proceedings, 145–149.
Goto, M. (2023). Anticipatory innovation of professional services: The case of auditing and artificial intelligence. Research Policy, 52, 104828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104828
Grosen, S. L., & Edwards, K. (2023). Learning from experiments: Exploring how short time-boxed experiments can contribute to organizational learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 36, 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-08-2023-0138
Hakmaoui, A., Oubrich, M., Calof, J., & El Ghazi, H. (2022). Towards an anticipatory system incorporating corporate foresight and competitive intelligence in creating knowledge: A longitudinal Moroccan bank case study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121139
Hu, B., et al. (2020). Loan default analysis with multiplex graph learning. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340531.3412724
Huang, S. M., Yen, D. C., Yan, T. J., & Yang, Y. T. (2021). An intelligent mechanism to automatically discover emerging technology trends: Exploring regulatory technology. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3485187
Jarrahi, M. H., Askay, D., Eshraghi, A., & Smith, P. (2023). Artificial intelligence and knowledge management: A partnership between human and AI. Business Horizons, 66(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2022.03.002
Kang, W., & Cheung, C. F. (2022). Deep learning-based named entity recognition and knowledge graph for accidents of commercial bank. In IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Innovation and Invention (ICKII) (pp. 103–107). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICKII55100.2022.9983563
Kelebercová, L., & Časnochova Zozuk, N. (2023). Sentiment classification of annual reports in Slovak language using symbolic, subsymbolic and statistic methods. Procedia Computer Science, 225, 3508–3516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.346
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia. (2020). Buku putih peta jalan kecerdasan artifisial nasional. Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia.
Kozak, J., Kania, K., Juszczuk, P., & Mitręga, M. (2021). Swarm intelligence goal-oriented approach to data-driven innovation in customer churn management. International Journal of Information Management, 60, 102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102357
Liu, L., Meng, Q., Lei, K., & Teng, Y. (2024). Self-control and knowledge sharing on Chinese farmers’ credit default: Part-time salary as a moderator. Systems and Soft Computing, 6, 200167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sasc.2024.200167
Liu, Z., et al. (2020). Two-stage audience expansion for financial targeting in marketing. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340531.3412748
Mamadiyorov, Z., Sultanova, N., Makhmudov, S., Khamdamov, S.-J., Mirpulatova, L., & Jumayev, A. (2024). The impact of digitalization on microfinance services in Uzbekistan. In ACM Digital Library. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3644713.3644780
Margiotta, D., Croce, D., Rotoloni, M., Cacciamani, B., & Basili, R. (2023). Business knowledge and neural learning: Organisation-specific transformer via semantic pre-training. Scopus Indexed Journal, 3486, 500–505.
Mittal, A., Singh, S., & Rajest, S. S. (2023). Role of artificial intelligence in knowledge management: An empirical study of industry experts using stepwise multiple regression. International Journal of Electronic Finance, 12, 403–422.
Mohan, R. (2025). Inter-firm imitation of artificial intelligence: Towards innovation and competitive edge in business. Organizational Dynamics, 54, 101114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2024.101114
Molavi, H., Zhang, L., & Khanbabaei, M. (2025). Sustainable financial infrastructure and governance: A fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making analysis of open service innovation in unstable economies. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100485
Nayak, B., Bhattacharyya, S. S., & Krishnamoorthy, B. (2021). Explicating the role of emerging technologies and firm capabilities towards attainment of competitive advantage in health insurance service firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 170, 120892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120892
Ngai, E. W. T., Lee, M. C. M., Luo, M., Chan, P. S. L., & Liang, T. (2021). An intelligent knowledge-based chatbot for customer service. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 50, 101098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101098
Ni, H., Han, L., Chen, T., Sadiq, S., & Demartini, G. (2024). Fairness without sensitive attributes via knowledge sharing. In Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3659014
Page, M. J., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pai, R. Y., et al. (2022). Integrating artificial intelligence for knowledge management systems–synergy among people and technology: A systematic review of the evidence. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2058976
Pangavhane, P., Kolse, S., Avhad, P., Gadekar, T., Darwante, N. K., & Chaudhari, S. V. (2023). Transforming finance through automation using AI-driven personal finance advisors. In IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAKM58659.2023.10449538
Rabieinejad, E., Yazdinejad, A., Hasani, T., Parizi, R. M., & Hammoudeh, M. (2022). An Efficient DeFi-based Data Warehousing Approach in Supply Chain Finance. ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/3508072.3508100
Rodgers, W., Hudson, R., & Economou, F. (2023). Modelling credit and investment decisions based on AI algorithmic behavioral pathways. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, 122471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122471
Shi, Y., & Deng, B. (2024). Finding the sweet spot: Exploring the optimal communication delay for AI feedback tools. Information Processing & Management, 61, 103572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103572
Singh, G., Sharma, M., Nanda, S., & Kadyan, S. (2022). Disruptive technologies and digitalization in insurance: Improving the value chain of insurance. In IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAKM54721.2022.9990452
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Uddin, A., Tao, X., & Yu, D. (2021). Attention based dynamic graph learning framework for asset pricing. In ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/3459637.3482413
Wang, J.-S., & Chen, Y.-T. (2024). Configuring the RegTech business model to explore implications of FinTech. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 26, 100483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2024.100483
Xu, Z., Ni, G., & Hu, R. (2025). AI technology innovation, knowledge management and corporate environmental sustainability: Evidence from Chinese patent data. Technology in Society, 83, 102984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102984
Yuan, Y., Liu, L., & Liu, L. (2021). How does information integration enhance SMEs’ credit quality: The mediating role of supply chain capabilities. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 122, 544–561. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2020-0621
Zhu, P., Li, Y., Hu, Y., Liu, Q., Cheng, D., & Liang, Y. (2024). LSR-IGRU: Stock trend prediction based on long short-term relationships and improved GRU. In ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3680012