Redesigning Community-Based Waste Management Systems Using Behavioral Insights for Sustainable Rural Waste Management
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Published
Aug 21, 2026
Abstract
Waste management remains a major challenge in rural areas of developing countries, including Indonesia, due to limited system capacity and low household participation in source separation. This study aims to redesign the waste management system in Cepogo Village by integrating behavioral insights, ecosystem analysis, and a Business Process Reengineering (BPR) approach. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining field observations, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, scenario-based simulation, and financial feasibility assessment. The results show that the existing system is dominated by direct disposal to landfill due to low household sorting practices, dependence on downstream sorting at the TPS 3R, and increasing operational burdens that lead to a monthly financial deficit. Ecosystem analysis identifies key bottlenecks, including inconsistent sorting behavior, limited institutional regulation, and operational constraints in collection and processing. Simulation results indicate that increasing household waste separation can reduce landfill dependence, improve material recovery, and enhance financial performance. Financial analysis demonstrates a transition from deficit conditions to potential surplus across intervention scenarios, with payback periods ranging from 1.7 to 0.7 years. These findings highlight the importance of integrating behavioral, institutional, and technical interventions to improve sustainable rural waste management systems.
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How to Cite
Apriani, Y., Liquiddanu, E. and Hisjam, M. (2026) “Redesigning Community-Based Waste Management Systems Using Behavioral Insights for Sustainable Rural Waste Management”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(5), pp. 3178-3192. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i5.2280.
References
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Creswell, J. W. (2022). A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research Second Edition (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dani, R. (2025). TP PKK Balikpapan Gandeng DLH Perkuat Program Pemilahan Sampah, Targetkan Partisipasi 11 Ribu Kader. https://www.inibalikpapan.com/tp-pkk-balikpapan-gandeng-dlh-perkuat-program-pemilahan-sampah-targetkan-partisipasi-11-ribu-kader/
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Donkoh, S., & Mensah, J. (2023). Application of triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 10(1), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2023.10.00319
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Gebrekidan, T. K., Weldemariam, N. G., Hidru, H. D., Gebremedhin, G. G., & Weldemariam, A. K. (2024). Impact of improper municipal solid waste management on fostering One Health approach in Ethiopia — challenges and opportunities: A systematic review. Science in One Health, 3, 100081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soh.2024.100081
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Helmefalk, M., Palmquist, A., & Rosenlund, J. (2023). Understanding the mechanisms of household and stakeholder engagement in a recycling ecosystem: The SDL perspective. Waste Management, 160, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.030
Karim Ghani, W. A. W. A., Rusli, I. F., Biak, D. R. A., & Idris, A. (2013). An application of the theory of planned behaviour to study the influencing factors of participation in source separation of food waste. Waste Management, 33(5), 1276–1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.019
Kihila, J. M., Wernsted, K., & Kaseva, M. (2021). Waste segregation and potential for recycling -A case study in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Sustainable Environment, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2021.1935532
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Leknoi, U., Yiengthaisong, A., & Likitlersuang, S. (2024). Social factors influencing waste separation behaviour among the multi-class residents in a megacity: A Survey analysis from a community in Bangkok, Thailand. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100202
Lima, P. de M., de Morais, M. F., Constantino, M. A., Paulo, P. L., & Magralhães Filho, F. J. C. (2021). Environmental assessment of waste handling in rural Brazil: Improvements towards circular economy. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2, 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100013
Lingga, L. J., Yuana, M., Sari, N. A., Nur Syahida, H., & Sitorus, C. (2024). Sampah di Indonesia: Tantangan dan Solusi Menuju Perubahan Positif. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 4(4), 12235–12247. https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/14542
Lohri, C. R., Camenzind, E. J., & Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Financial sustainability in municipal solid waste management - Costs and revenues in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Waste Management, 34(2), 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.014
Luo, W., Yu, Z., Zhou, P., Ren, Y., & Lv, H. (2024). Research on the Influencing Factors of Urban Community Residents’ Willingness to Segregate Waste Based on Structural Equation Model. Sustainability, 16, 10767. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310767
Mashuri, S., Sarib, M., Rasak, A., & Alhabsyi, F. (2022). Semi-structured Interview: A Methodological Reflection on the Development of a Qualitative Research Instrument in Educational Studies Ruslin. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 12(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-1201052229
Memon, M. A., Thurasamy, R., Ting, H., & Cheah, J. H. (2025). Purposive Sampling: a Review and Guidelines for Quantitative Research. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.9(1)01
Mont, O., Lehner, M., & Heiskanen, E. (2014). Nudging. A tool for sustainable behaviour? Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
Muchangos, L. S. dos, & Vaughter, P. (2019). Gender Mainstreaming in Waste Education Programs: A Conceptual Framework. Urban Science, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010029
Obani, I. P., & Izu-Obani, Z. (2025). From Cities to Villages A Comparative Study of Waste Management Policies. World of Semantics: Journal of Philosophy and Linguistics, 3(2), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14850056
Parinduri, R. Y., Zsazsa, C. S. K. M., & Yusup, M. (2024). Optimizing Community-Based Waste Management: A Review of The Literature. Journal of Community Dedication, 4(2), 354–367.
Peltola, T., Aarikka-Stenroos, L., Viana, E., & Mäkinen, S. (2016). Value capture in business ecosystems for municipal solid waste management: Comparison between two local environments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 1270–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.168
Rasmeet, S. (2021). Municipal solid waste management in the City of Indore- A case study. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 7(1), 008–017. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-488x.000039
Rousta, K., Bolton, K., & Dahlén, L. (2016). A Procedure to Transform Recycling Behavior for Source Separation of Household Waste. In Recycling (Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 147–165). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling1010147
Royhan, W. S., Sari, K. E., Meidiana, C., Ismail, H., & Aledeh, M. (2023). Measurement of Performance Community-Based Waste Treatment Facility (TPS 3R Saling Asih) Bandung City. Regional and Rural Studies, 1(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.21776/rrs.v1i2.20
Syafrudin, S., Masjhoer, J. M., & Maryono, M. (2023). Characterization and quantification of solid waste in rural regions. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(2), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2023.02.12
Velde, F. Vande, Overgaard, H. J., & Bastien, S. (2021). Nudge strategies for behavior-based prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: A scoping review and ethical assessment. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(11), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009239
Veliverronena, L., & Davidsone, A. (2025). The Role of Trust and Perceived Social Justice in the Waste Recycling Practices of Households in Latvia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17, 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010219
Wang, C. N., Vo, T. T. B. C., Hsu, H. P., Chung, Y. C., Nguyen, N. T., & Nhieu, N. L. (2024). Improving processing efficiency through workflow process reengineering, simulation and value stream mapping: a case study of business process reengineering. Business Process Management Journal, 30(7), 2482–2515. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2023-0869
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Fifth, Vol. 11, Issue 1). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Zulkifli, S., Jayanegara, A., Noorachmat, B. P., Fahmi, M. R., & Tandio, T. (2025). Sustainability Analysis of Environmental Waste Alleviation Through Bioconversion Using Black Soldier Fly Larvae: A Case Study in Depok City, Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan, 15(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.15.1.19
Apriani, Y., & Liquiddanu, E. (2025). Identification of Factors Affecting Waste Separation Behavior: A Case Study in Cepogo Village, Central Java, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1488(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1488/1/012057
Chawla, R., Soreng, E., & Kumar, A. (2024). Waste management behaviour in the most populated capital city of the world. Management of Environmental Quality, 35(4), 903–923. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-02-2023-0049
Creswell, J. W. (2022). A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research Second Edition (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dani, R. (2025). TP PKK Balikpapan Gandeng DLH Perkuat Program Pemilahan Sampah, Targetkan Partisipasi 11 Ribu Kader. https://www.inibalikpapan.com/tp-pkk-balikpapan-gandeng-dlh-perkuat-program-pemilahan-sampah-targetkan-partisipasi-11-ribu-kader/
Dipayani, K. A. S., Meidiana, C., & Mustaniroh, S. A. (2025). Strategy to Improve Community-Based Waste Reduction Potential (Case Study at TPS 3R Pudak Mesari, Darmasaba Village, Badung Regency). Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(43s), 672–683. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i43s.8466
Donkoh, S., & Mensah, J. (2023). Application of triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 10(1), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2023.10.00319
Farahdiba, A. U., Warmadewanthi, I. D. A. A., Fransiscus, Y., Rosyidah, E., Hermana, J., & Yuniarto, A. (2023). The present and proposed sustainable food waste treatment technology in Indonesia: A review. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 32, 103256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103256
Gebrekidan, T. K., Weldemariam, N. G., Hidru, H. D., Gebremedhin, G. G., & Weldemariam, A. K. (2024). Impact of improper municipal solid waste management on fostering One Health approach in Ethiopia — challenges and opportunities: A systematic review. Science in One Health, 3, 100081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soh.2024.100081
Hajam, Y. A., Kumar, R., & Kumar, A. (2023). Environmental waste management strategies and vermi transformation for sustainable development. Environmental Challenges, 13, 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100747
Helmefalk, M., Palmquist, A., & Rosenlund, J. (2023). Understanding the mechanisms of household and stakeholder engagement in a recycling ecosystem: The SDL perspective. Waste Management, 160, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.030
Karim Ghani, W. A. W. A., Rusli, I. F., Biak, D. R. A., & Idris, A. (2013). An application of the theory of planned behaviour to study the influencing factors of participation in source separation of food waste. Waste Management, 33(5), 1276–1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.019
Kihila, J. M., Wernsted, K., & Kaseva, M. (2021). Waste segregation and potential for recycling -A case study in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Sustainable Environment, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2021.1935532
Labib, O. A., Manaf, L., Sharaai, A. H., & Zaid, S. S. M. (2021). Understanding the effect of internal and external factors on households’ willingness to sort waste in Dammam city, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 9685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189685
Leknoi, U., Painmanakul, P., Chawaloesphonsiya, N., Wimolsakcharoen, W., Samritthinanta, C., & Yiengthaisong, A. (2024). Building sustainable community: Insight from successful waste management initiative. Resources, Conservation and Recycling Advances, 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2024.200238
Leknoi, U., Yiengthaisong, A., & Likitlersuang, S. (2024). Social factors influencing waste separation behaviour among the multi-class residents in a megacity: A Survey analysis from a community in Bangkok, Thailand. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100202
Lima, P. de M., de Morais, M. F., Constantino, M. A., Paulo, P. L., & Magralhães Filho, F. J. C. (2021). Environmental assessment of waste handling in rural Brazil: Improvements towards circular economy. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2, 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100013
Lingga, L. J., Yuana, M., Sari, N. A., Nur Syahida, H., & Sitorus, C. (2024). Sampah di Indonesia: Tantangan dan Solusi Menuju Perubahan Positif. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 4(4), 12235–12247. https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/14542
Lohri, C. R., Camenzind, E. J., & Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Financial sustainability in municipal solid waste management - Costs and revenues in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Waste Management, 34(2), 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.014
Luo, W., Yu, Z., Zhou, P., Ren, Y., & Lv, H. (2024). Research on the Influencing Factors of Urban Community Residents’ Willingness to Segregate Waste Based on Structural Equation Model. Sustainability, 16, 10767. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310767
Mashuri, S., Sarib, M., Rasak, A., & Alhabsyi, F. (2022). Semi-structured Interview: A Methodological Reflection on the Development of a Qualitative Research Instrument in Educational Studies Ruslin. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 12(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-1201052229
Memon, M. A., Thurasamy, R., Ting, H., & Cheah, J. H. (2025). Purposive Sampling: a Review and Guidelines for Quantitative Research. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.9(1)01
Mont, O., Lehner, M., & Heiskanen, E. (2014). Nudging. A tool for sustainable behaviour? Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
Muchangos, L. S. dos, & Vaughter, P. (2019). Gender Mainstreaming in Waste Education Programs: A Conceptual Framework. Urban Science, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010029
Obani, I. P., & Izu-Obani, Z. (2025). From Cities to Villages A Comparative Study of Waste Management Policies. World of Semantics: Journal of Philosophy and Linguistics, 3(2), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14850056
Parinduri, R. Y., Zsazsa, C. S. K. M., & Yusup, M. (2024). Optimizing Community-Based Waste Management: A Review of The Literature. Journal of Community Dedication, 4(2), 354–367.
Peltola, T., Aarikka-Stenroos, L., Viana, E., & Mäkinen, S. (2016). Value capture in business ecosystems for municipal solid waste management: Comparison between two local environments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 1270–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.168
Rasmeet, S. (2021). Municipal solid waste management in the City of Indore- A case study. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 7(1), 008–017. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-488x.000039
Rousta, K., Bolton, K., & Dahlén, L. (2016). A Procedure to Transform Recycling Behavior for Source Separation of Household Waste. In Recycling (Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 147–165). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling1010147
Royhan, W. S., Sari, K. E., Meidiana, C., Ismail, H., & Aledeh, M. (2023). Measurement of Performance Community-Based Waste Treatment Facility (TPS 3R Saling Asih) Bandung City. Regional and Rural Studies, 1(2), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.21776/rrs.v1i2.20
Syafrudin, S., Masjhoer, J. M., & Maryono, M. (2023). Characterization and quantification of solid waste in rural regions. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(2), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2023.02.12
Velde, F. Vande, Overgaard, H. J., & Bastien, S. (2021). Nudge strategies for behavior-based prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: A scoping review and ethical assessment. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(11), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009239
Veliverronena, L., & Davidsone, A. (2025). The Role of Trust and Perceived Social Justice in the Waste Recycling Practices of Households in Latvia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17, 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010219
Wang, C. N., Vo, T. T. B. C., Hsu, H. P., Chung, Y. C., Nguyen, N. T., & Nhieu, N. L. (2024). Improving processing efficiency through workflow process reengineering, simulation and value stream mapping: a case study of business process reengineering. Business Process Management Journal, 30(7), 2482–2515. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2023-0869
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Fifth, Vol. 11, Issue 1). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Zulkifli, S., Jayanegara, A., Noorachmat, B. P., Fahmi, M. R., & Tandio, T. (2025). Sustainability Analysis of Environmental Waste Alleviation Through Bioconversion Using Black Soldier Fly Larvae: A Case Study in Depok City, Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan, 15(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.15.1.19