Kuasa Simbolik dan Asimetri Kekuasaan dalam Collaborative Governance Pengembangan Situs Wisata Religi Makam Sunan Gunung Jati di Kabupaten Cirebon
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Published
Oct 3, 2026
Abstract
The development of religious tourism involving cultural and sacred heritage sites is frequently constrained by conflicting stakeholder interests, turning collaborative spaces into imbalanced arenas of contestation. This study aims to analyze the manifestation of symbolic power held by traditional cultural authorities and identify the factors driving power asymmetry within the collaborative governance framework of the Sunan Gunung Jati Religious Tourism Site in Cirebon Regency. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, data were gathered through observations, document reviews, and in-depth interviews with 10 key informant groups selected via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The findings reveal that the Kanoman Royal Palace dominates the core site area through the accumulation of cultural, social, and symbolic capital, while the Korem 063/SGJ controls the parking facilities and supporting infrastructure. This monopoly over vital physical and cultural assets degrades the local government's bargaining position from a primary facilitator to a mere subject of collaboration, while systematically marginalizing local communities and MSMEs. The novelty of this research highlights a reverse Asymmetric Hegemony, wherein traditional-cultural authorities successfully neutralize the formal regulatory powers of modern state bureaucracy through symbolic power and private land control, ultimately reducing the governance process to pseudo-collaboration.
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How to Cite
Supardi, D. A. P., Casta, C., Agasya, H. N. and Yuliani, C. (2026) “Kuasa Simbolik dan Asimetri Kekuasaan dalam Collaborative Governance Pengembangan Situs Wisata Religi Makam Sunan Gunung Jati di Kabupaten Cirebon”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(6), pp. 2461-2478. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i6.2312.
References
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Ansell, C; Gash, A. (2007). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration and Theory, 544.
Ansell, Chris; Gash, A. (2009). Pragmatism and Collaborative Governance. Berkeley: Departement of Political Sience, Unibersity of California, 550.
Ansell, C. (2012). Pragmatist Democracy: Evolutionary Learning as Public Philosophy. Pragmatist Democracy: Evolutionary Learning as Public Philosophy, 1–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199772438.001.0001
Bahits, A., Komarudin, M. F., & Afriani, R. I. (2020). Strategi Pengembangan Tempat Wisata Religi Untuk Meningkatkan Perekonomian Masyarakat Di Gunung Santri Desa Bojonegara Kecamatan Bojonegara Kabupaten Serang Banten. Jurnal Manajemen STIE Muhammadiyah Palopo, 6(2), 55. https://doi.org/10.35906/jm001.v6i2.593
Belhassen, Y., Caton, K., & Stewart, W. P. (2008). The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 668–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.03.007
Bogdan, R. S. T. (1992). Pengantar Metode Kualitatif. Usaha Nasional.
Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Seo, D. (2020). Using a design approach to create collaborative governance. Policy and Politics, 48(1), 167–189. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557319X15613696433190
Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Stone, M. M. (2015). Designing and Implementing Cross-Sector Collaborations: Needed and Challenging. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12432
Bovaird, T. (2005). Public governance: Balancing stakeholder power in a network society. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852305053881
Carey, M.A. (1994). The group effect in focus groups: planning, implementing, and interpreting focus group research. In Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods (Morse J.M., ed.). Sage: Thousand Oaks, 225-241.Hariyanto, O. I. B. (2016). Destinasi Wisata Budaya dan Religi di Cirebon. Jurnal Ecodemica: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Bisnis, 4(2), 214–222.
Casta. (2015). Seni tradisi dan dinamika kebudayaan lokal di Cirebon. Jurnal Lokabasa, 6(1), 45–58.
Casta, Abas, S., & Mukaromah, O. (2020). Reformulasi gagasan kebudayaan Cirebon. Jurnal Permata, 1(1), 47–57.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage Publications Ltd.
Choi, T., & Robertson, P. J. (2010). Ecological Governance: Organizing Principles for an Emerging Era. Public Administration Review.
Cirebon Kabupaten. (2023). Jumlah Wisatawan Berdasarkan Kategori di Kabupaten Cirebon. Retrieved from https://cirebonkab.go.id/datasets/2022/05/jumlahwisatawan-berdasarkan-kategori-di-kabupaten-cirebon-tahun-2021
Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(88)90028-X
Creswell, John A, Research Design: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed Edisi Ketiga, diterjemahkan oleh Achmad Fawaid, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar, 2013), hal. 286.
Denzin, N. K. (1970). The Research Act in Sociology. Aldine.
Dwiyanto, A. (2011). Manajemen Pelayanan Publik. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2021). Beyond rural contexts: Community-based tourism for a better life in the city. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 7(2), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-03-2020-0046
Hanberger, A. (2004). Democratic governance and evaluation. Paper Presented at the Sixth EES (European Evaluation Society) Conference, September 30 – October 2, 2004, Berlin, Germany, 24 S.
Hariyanto, O. I. B. (2016). Destinasi Wisata Budaya dan Religi di Cirebon. Jurnal Ecodemica: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Bisnis, 4(2), 214–222
Harley, J., & Blismas, N. (2010). An anatomy of collaboration within the online environment. In E-Research Collaboration: Theory, Techniques and Challenges. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12257-6_2
Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (2002). Network Power in Collaborative Planning Publication Date. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21, 221–236.
Kuncoro, Mudrajad, Metode Riset Untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi, (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2013), hal. 172.
Laksono, Sonny. (2013). Penelitian Kualitatif Ilmu Ekonomi dari Metodologi ke Metode. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. hal. 173.
Marinez-Moyano, I. J. Exploring the Dynamics of Collaboration in Interorganizational Settings, Ch. 4, p. 83, in Schuman (Editor). Jossey-bass, 2006. ISBN 0-7879-8116-8.
Mustika, R., Srisusilawati, P., & Irwansyah, S. (2020). Strategi Pengembangan Potensi Wisata Religi dalam Meningkatkan Perekonomian Masyarakat. Prosiding Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 248–252.
Munawar, Raniri; Rahmat, Munawar; Yahya, M. Wildan Bin H.M. Tomb of Sunan Gunung Jati and Pura Tanah Lot: Two Multi Religious Tourism Destination in Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 4, p. 1016-1030, june 2021. ISSN 2068-7729. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.4(52).15.
Noor, Muhammad; Falih Suaedi; Antun Mardiyata. Collaborative Governance Suatu Tinjauan Teoritis dan Praktik. Yogyakarta: Bildung.
O’Leary, R., & Vij, N. (2012). Collaborative Public Management: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? American Review of Public Administration, 42(5), 507–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074012445780
Parente, W. J. (2016), “Public-Private Partnership”, Fundamental Principles and Techniques for Effective Public-Private Partnership in Indonesia. Jakarta: USAID Services Program.
Rawis, P., Posumah, J., & Pombengi, J. (2015). Pengembangan Objek Wisata Religius dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Masyarakat Dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) (Suatu Studi Pada Objek Wisata Bukit Kasih Toar Lumimu’ut Kanonang Kabupaten Minahasa). Jurnal Administrasi Publik UNSRAT, 2(029), 1298.
Riganti, P., & Nijkamp, P. (2005). Benefit transfers of cultural heritage values: How far can we go? (Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 05-088/3). Tinbergen Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/84776
Rhodes, R. A. W. (2017). The new governance: Governing Without Government. In From Government to Governance (pp. 3–18).
Santosa, Pandji. (2008). Administrasi Publik: Teori dan Aplikasi Good Governance. Bandung: Refika Aditama.
Saputra, Ragil Wisnu. (2017, June 12). Sunan Gunung Jati, Menikahi Putri Kaisar Cina dan Mengislamkan Ribuan Prajurit. Retrieved from https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2017/06/12/sunan-gunung-jati-menikahi-putrikaisar-cina-dan-mengislamkan-ribuan-prajurit?page=2
Seigler, Daniel. (2011). Renewing Democracy by Engaging Citizens in Shared Governance. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02452.x
Silalahi, Ulber. (2015 ).Metode Penelitian Sosial Kuantitatif. Bandung: Refika Aditama.
Subarkah, A. R. (2018). Potensi pariwisata keagamaan di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosiologi Agama, 12(2), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2018.122-07
Sunu, R. (2020). Sampul Collaborative Governance. Collaborative Govenance Dalam Perspefkit Publik, 161.
Supardi, D. A. P., Karlina, N., Bekti, H., & Susanti, E. (2023). Agile Governance Through Public Private Partnership: The Sunan Gunung Jati Tomb as a Religious Tourism Hub. KnE Social Sciences, 2023(9), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i17.14117Vani, R. V., Priscilia, S. O., & Adianto, A. (2020). Model Pentahelix Dalam Mengembangkan Potensi Wisata di Kota Pekanbaru. Publikauma : Jurnal Administrasi Publik Universitas Medan Area, 8(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.31289/publika.v8i1.3361
Timothy, D. J., & Olsen, D. H. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, religion and spiritual journeys. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001073
Wasistiono, S., & Anggraini, W. (2019). Three Paradigms in Government (Good Governance, Dynamic Governance, and Agile Governance). International Journal of Kybernology, 4(2), 79–91. www.ombudsmanassociation.org/docs/BIOAGo
Wettenhall, R. The Rhetoric and Reality of Public-Private Partnerships. Public Organization Review 3, 77–107 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023000128175
Peraturan
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 50 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Nasional Tahun 2010-2025 (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2011 Nomor 125, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5262).
Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 15 Tahun 2015 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2015-2025 (Lembaran Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2015 Nomor 15 Seri E).
Peratuan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 8 Tahun 2019 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2018-2023 (Lembaran Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2019 Nomor 8).
Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Nomor 14 Tahun 2009 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2005-2025 (Lembaran Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2009 Nomor 14).
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 38 Tahun 2015 tentang Kerjasama Pemerintah dengan Badan Usaha.
Rencana Strategis Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Tahun 2019 – 2024.
RKPD Kabupaten Cirebon 2022.
Undang-undang Nomor 9 tahun 1990 tentang Kepariwisataan.
Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2009 tentang Kepariwisataan.
Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya.
Ansell, C; Gash, A. (2007). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration and Theory, 544.
Ansell, Chris; Gash, A. (2009). Pragmatism and Collaborative Governance. Berkeley: Departement of Political Sience, Unibersity of California, 550.
Ansell, C. (2012). Pragmatist Democracy: Evolutionary Learning as Public Philosophy. Pragmatist Democracy: Evolutionary Learning as Public Philosophy, 1–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199772438.001.0001
Bahits, A., Komarudin, M. F., & Afriani, R. I. (2020). Strategi Pengembangan Tempat Wisata Religi Untuk Meningkatkan Perekonomian Masyarakat Di Gunung Santri Desa Bojonegara Kecamatan Bojonegara Kabupaten Serang Banten. Jurnal Manajemen STIE Muhammadiyah Palopo, 6(2), 55. https://doi.org/10.35906/jm001.v6i2.593
Belhassen, Y., Caton, K., & Stewart, W. P. (2008). The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 668–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.03.007
Bogdan, R. S. T. (1992). Pengantar Metode Kualitatif. Usaha Nasional.
Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Seo, D. (2020). Using a design approach to create collaborative governance. Policy and Politics, 48(1), 167–189. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557319X15613696433190
Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Stone, M. M. (2015). Designing and Implementing Cross-Sector Collaborations: Needed and Challenging. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12432
Bovaird, T. (2005). Public governance: Balancing stakeholder power in a network society. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852305053881
Carey, M.A. (1994). The group effect in focus groups: planning, implementing, and interpreting focus group research. In Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods (Morse J.M., ed.). Sage: Thousand Oaks, 225-241.Hariyanto, O. I. B. (2016). Destinasi Wisata Budaya dan Religi di Cirebon. Jurnal Ecodemica: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Bisnis, 4(2), 214–222.
Casta. (2015). Seni tradisi dan dinamika kebudayaan lokal di Cirebon. Jurnal Lokabasa, 6(1), 45–58.
Casta, Abas, S., & Mukaromah, O. (2020). Reformulasi gagasan kebudayaan Cirebon. Jurnal Permata, 1(1), 47–57.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage Publications Ltd.
Choi, T., & Robertson, P. J. (2010). Ecological Governance: Organizing Principles for an Emerging Era. Public Administration Review.
Cirebon Kabupaten. (2023). Jumlah Wisatawan Berdasarkan Kategori di Kabupaten Cirebon. Retrieved from https://cirebonkab.go.id/datasets/2022/05/jumlahwisatawan-berdasarkan-kategori-di-kabupaten-cirebon-tahun-2021
Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(88)90028-X
Creswell, John A, Research Design: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed Edisi Ketiga, diterjemahkan oleh Achmad Fawaid, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar, 2013), hal. 286.
Denzin, N. K. (1970). The Research Act in Sociology. Aldine.
Dwiyanto, A. (2011). Manajemen Pelayanan Publik. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2021). Beyond rural contexts: Community-based tourism for a better life in the city. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 7(2), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-03-2020-0046
Hanberger, A. (2004). Democratic governance and evaluation. Paper Presented at the Sixth EES (European Evaluation Society) Conference, September 30 – October 2, 2004, Berlin, Germany, 24 S.
Hariyanto, O. I. B. (2016). Destinasi Wisata Budaya dan Religi di Cirebon. Jurnal Ecodemica: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Bisnis, 4(2), 214–222
Harley, J., & Blismas, N. (2010). An anatomy of collaboration within the online environment. In E-Research Collaboration: Theory, Techniques and Challenges. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12257-6_2
Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (2002). Network Power in Collaborative Planning Publication Date. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21, 221–236.
Kuncoro, Mudrajad, Metode Riset Untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi, (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2013), hal. 172.
Laksono, Sonny. (2013). Penelitian Kualitatif Ilmu Ekonomi dari Metodologi ke Metode. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. hal. 173.
Marinez-Moyano, I. J. Exploring the Dynamics of Collaboration in Interorganizational Settings, Ch. 4, p. 83, in Schuman (Editor). Jossey-bass, 2006. ISBN 0-7879-8116-8.
Mustika, R., Srisusilawati, P., & Irwansyah, S. (2020). Strategi Pengembangan Potensi Wisata Religi dalam Meningkatkan Perekonomian Masyarakat. Prosiding Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 248–252.
Munawar, Raniri; Rahmat, Munawar; Yahya, M. Wildan Bin H.M. Tomb of Sunan Gunung Jati and Pura Tanah Lot: Two Multi Religious Tourism Destination in Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 4, p. 1016-1030, june 2021. ISSN 2068-7729. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.4(52).15.
Noor, Muhammad; Falih Suaedi; Antun Mardiyata. Collaborative Governance Suatu Tinjauan Teoritis dan Praktik. Yogyakarta: Bildung.
O’Leary, R., & Vij, N. (2012). Collaborative Public Management: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? American Review of Public Administration, 42(5), 507–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074012445780
Parente, W. J. (2016), “Public-Private Partnership”, Fundamental Principles and Techniques for Effective Public-Private Partnership in Indonesia. Jakarta: USAID Services Program.
Rawis, P., Posumah, J., & Pombengi, J. (2015). Pengembangan Objek Wisata Religius dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Masyarakat Dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) (Suatu Studi Pada Objek Wisata Bukit Kasih Toar Lumimu’ut Kanonang Kabupaten Minahasa). Jurnal Administrasi Publik UNSRAT, 2(029), 1298.
Riganti, P., & Nijkamp, P. (2005). Benefit transfers of cultural heritage values: How far can we go? (Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 05-088/3). Tinbergen Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/84776
Rhodes, R. A. W. (2017). The new governance: Governing Without Government. In From Government to Governance (pp. 3–18).
Santosa, Pandji. (2008). Administrasi Publik: Teori dan Aplikasi Good Governance. Bandung: Refika Aditama.
Saputra, Ragil Wisnu. (2017, June 12). Sunan Gunung Jati, Menikahi Putri Kaisar Cina dan Mengislamkan Ribuan Prajurit. Retrieved from https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2017/06/12/sunan-gunung-jati-menikahi-putrikaisar-cina-dan-mengislamkan-ribuan-prajurit?page=2
Seigler, Daniel. (2011). Renewing Democracy by Engaging Citizens in Shared Governance. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02452.x
Silalahi, Ulber. (2015 ).Metode Penelitian Sosial Kuantitatif. Bandung: Refika Aditama.
Subarkah, A. R. (2018). Potensi pariwisata keagamaan di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosiologi Agama, 12(2), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2018.122-07
Sunu, R. (2020). Sampul Collaborative Governance. Collaborative Govenance Dalam Perspefkit Publik, 161.
Supardi, D. A. P., Karlina, N., Bekti, H., & Susanti, E. (2023). Agile Governance Through Public Private Partnership: The Sunan Gunung Jati Tomb as a Religious Tourism Hub. KnE Social Sciences, 2023(9), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i17.14117Vani, R. V., Priscilia, S. O., & Adianto, A. (2020). Model Pentahelix Dalam Mengembangkan Potensi Wisata di Kota Pekanbaru. Publikauma : Jurnal Administrasi Publik Universitas Medan Area, 8(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.31289/publika.v8i1.3361
Timothy, D. J., & Olsen, D. H. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, religion and spiritual journeys. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001073
Wasistiono, S., & Anggraini, W. (2019). Three Paradigms in Government (Good Governance, Dynamic Governance, and Agile Governance). International Journal of Kybernology, 4(2), 79–91. www.ombudsmanassociation.org/docs/BIOAGo
Wettenhall, R. The Rhetoric and Reality of Public-Private Partnerships. Public Organization Review 3, 77–107 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023000128175
Peraturan
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 50 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Nasional Tahun 2010-2025 (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2011 Nomor 125, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5262).
Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 15 Tahun 2015 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2015-2025 (Lembaran Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2015 Nomor 15 Seri E).
Peratuan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 8 Tahun 2019 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2018-2023 (Lembaran Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2019 Nomor 8).
Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Nomor 14 Tahun 2009 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2005-2025 (Lembaran Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2009 Nomor 14).
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 38 Tahun 2015 tentang Kerjasama Pemerintah dengan Badan Usaha.
Rencana Strategis Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Tahun 2019 – 2024.
RKPD Kabupaten Cirebon 2022.
Undang-undang Nomor 9 tahun 1990 tentang Kepariwisataan.
Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2009 tentang Kepariwisataan.
Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya.