Subordinasi Gender yang Terlembaga dalam Norma Aborsi Indonesia: Pembacaan Pendekatan Dominasi MacKinnon dan Connection Thesis Robin West
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Published
Oct 19, 2026
Abstract
Indonesia has ratified every major instrument on women's reproductive rights, yet its reformed abortion norms still fall short of them. Human rights analysis shows this non-compliance but cannot explain why it persists, and existing feminist readings focus on single provisions, leaving a research gap: no study traces how gender subordination operates across the criminal, health and implementing layers together. This study aims to explain that persistence by reading Indonesian abortion norms through Catharine MacKinnon's dominance approach and Robin West's connection thesis, supplemented by Miranda Fricker's concept of epistemic injustice. It uses doctrinal legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches and the feminist method of asking the woman question. The results show that exceptions rest on victimhood and pathology rather than autonomy; decision-making authority is distributed to investigators, review teams, doctors and husbands; the medical-emergency threshold disguises a normative choice as a technical one; and the norms have a full vocabulary for the foetus but none for the pregnant woman's experience. The novelty is a three-layer framework of subordination, namely construction of the legal subject, distribution of authority and recognition of legitimate knowledge, showing that inconsistent norms nonetheless produce a consistent distribution of power.
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How to Cite
Irwanto, E. L. and Yoserwan, Y. (2026) “Subordinasi Gender yang Terlembaga dalam Norma Aborsi Indonesia: Pembacaan Pendekatan Dominasi MacKinnon dan Connection Thesis Robin West”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(6), pp. 2567-2579. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i6.2327.
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Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.
Prayoga, M. A., & Hapsari, I. P. (2026). Disharmonisasi pengaturan aborsi antara Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan prinsip hak asasi manusia di Indonesia: Analisis komparatif dengan Jepang. Jurnal Tana Mana, 7(1), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.33648/jtm.v7i1.1546
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Siang, P. F., & Mangesti, Y. A. (2026). Rekonstruksi pengaturan pelayanan aborsi bagi kelompok rentan dalam perspektif hak kesehatan reproduksi. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(3), 2184–2200. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i3.14407
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Smart, C. (1989). Feminism and the power of law. Routledge.
Suwandono, A., & Busyra. (2025). Abortion: Ethical and legal perspectives in Indonesia. Asian Bioethics Review, 17(3), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-024-00322-4
Thomson, J. J. (1971). A defense of abortion. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 1(1), 47–66.
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 1.
Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 120.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 105.
Wardani, D. W. W., Bhakti, R. T. A., & Hadiyanto, A. (2026). Informed consent sebagai dasar persetujuan dalam perjanjian terapeutik terminasi kehamilan. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(1), 585–607. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i1.13936
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Wongkar, W., & Ekaputra, I. W. G. A. (2025). Abortion and human rights: An analysis of Indonesian legal perspectives in balancing the right to life of the fetus and women's reproductive health. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i4.1513
Zampas, C., & Gher, J. M. (2008). Abortion as a human right—International and regional standards. Human Rights Law Review, 8(2), 249–294. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngn008
Bearak, J., Popinchalk, A., Ganatra, B., Moller, A.-B., Tunçalp, Ö., Beavin, C., Kwok, L., & Alkema, L. (2020). Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019. The Lancet Global Health, 8(9), e1152–e1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30315-6
Chamallas, M. (2013). Introduction to feminist legal theory (3rd ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Charlesworth, H., & Chinkin, C. (2022). The boundaries of international law: A feminist analysis (with a new introduction). Manchester University Press.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2016). General comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health (E/C.12/GC/22). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (1994). General recommendation No. 21: Equality in marriage and family relations (A/49/38). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2011). L.C. v. Peru, Communication No. 22/2009 (CEDAW/C/50/D/22/2009). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2017). General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19 (CEDAW/C/GC/35). United Nations.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2021). Concluding observations on the eighth periodic report of Indonesia (CEDAW/C/IDN/CO/8). United Nations.
Cook, R. J., & Cusack, S. (2010). Gender stereotyping: Transnational legal perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press.
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2022). The impact of criminalisation on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMJ Global Health, 7(12), e010409. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010409
de Londras, F., Cleeve, A., Rodriguez, M. I., Farrell, A., Furgalska, M., & Lavelanet, A. F. (2023). The impact of third-party authorization requirements on abortion-related outcomes: A synthesis of legal and health evidence. BMC Public Health, 23, 2065. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16307-1
Erdman, J. N., & Cook, R. J. (2020). Decriminalization of abortion – A human rights imperative. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 62, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.004
Fine, J. B., Mayall, K., & Sepúlveda, L. (2017). The role of international human rights norms in the liberalization of abortion laws globally. Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 69–80.
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.
Human Rights Committee. (2019). General comment No. 36 on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life (CCPR/C/GC/36). United Nations.
Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan. (2024). Catatan tahunan kekerasan terhadap perempuan tahun 2023. Komnas Perempuan.
Kumar, A., Hessini, L., & Mitchell, E. M. H. (2009). Conceptualising abortion stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(6), 625–639.
Levit, N., & Verchick, R. R. M. (2016). Feminist legal theory: A primer (2nd ed.). New York University Press.
MacKinnon, C. A. (1987). Feminism unmodified: Discourses on life and law. Harvard University Press.
MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
MacKinnon, C. A. (1991). Reflections on sex equality under law. The Yale Law Journal, 100(5), 1281–1328.
MacKinnon, C. A. (2005). Women's lives, men's laws. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
MacKinnon, C. A. (2006). Are women human? And other international dialogues. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
MacKinnon, C. A. (2017). Butterfly politics: Changing the world for women. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Marzuki, P. M. (2017). Penelitian hukum (Edisi revisi). Kencana Prenada Media Group.
McFall v. Shimp, 10 Pa. D. & C.3d 90 (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl. 1978).
Nagieb, M., & Widjaja, G. (2025). Harmonisasi implementasi pengaturan tindak pidana aborsi dalam UU No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan dan UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Jurnal Sosial dan Teknologi, 5(12), 4425–4436.
Nurtjahyo, L. (2023). Tubuhku bukan milikku: Pasal 463 KUHP baru ditinjau dari perspektif hukum feminis. Jurnal Perempuan, 28(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v28i1.810
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan.
Prayoga, M. A., & Hapsari, I. P. (2026). Disharmonisasi pengaturan aborsi antara Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 dan prinsip hak asasi manusia di Indonesia: Analisis komparatif dengan Jepang. Jurnal Tana Mana, 7(1), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.33648/jtm.v7i1.1546
Rekers, R. (2022). Epistemic transitional justice: The recognition of testimonial injustice in the context of reproductive rights. Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory, 25(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.33134/rds.374
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (1998). United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 2187, No. 38544.
Rowlands, S. (2025). Mandatory spousal authorisation for abortion: Characteristics of countries in which it exists and the potential for modernisation of the law. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 30(2), 104–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2024.2434844
Siang, P. F., & Mangesti, Y. A. (2026). Rekonstruksi pengaturan pelayanan aborsi bagi kelompok rentan dalam perspektif hak kesehatan reproduksi. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(3), 2184–2200. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i3.14407
Siegel, R. (1992). Reasoning from the body: A historical perspective on abortion regulation and questions of equal protection. Stanford Law Review, 44(2), 261–381.
Smart, C. (1989). Feminism and the power of law. Routledge.
Suwandono, A., & Busyra. (2025). Abortion: Ethical and legal perspectives in Indonesia. Asian Bioethics Review, 17(3), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-024-00322-4
Thomson, J. J. (1971). A defense of abortion. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 1(1), 47–66.
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 1.
Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 120.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 105.
Wardani, D. W. W., Bhakti, R. T. A., & Hadiyanto, A. (2026). Informed consent sebagai dasar persetujuan dalam perjanjian terapeutik terminasi kehamilan. Jurnal USM Law Review, 9(1), 585–607. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i1.13936
West, R. (1988). Jurisprudence and gender. The University of Chicago Law Review, 55(1), 1–72.
West, R. (1997). Caring for justice. New York University Press.
Wongkar, W., & Ekaputra, I. W. G. A. (2025). Abortion and human rights: An analysis of Indonesian legal perspectives in balancing the right to life of the fetus and women's reproductive health. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i4.1513
Zampas, C., & Gher, J. M. (2008). Abortion as a human right—International and regional standards. Human Rights Law Review, 8(2), 249–294. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngn008