Pola Jam Pasir Distribusi Kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah atas Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa Berbasis Limbah Kelapa Sawit
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Published
Oct 26, 2026
Abstract
Indonesia’s palm oil waste could generate 12,654 megawatts of electricity, yet national bioenergy capacity reached only 3,148 megawatts by December 2025. Previous studies examined tariffs, technology, and investment barriers, but few mapped how authority over biomass power plants is distributed among the central, provincial, and regency or city governments throughout the project cycle. This study aims to analyse the legal regulation of that authority, identify its juridical problems, and formulate a direction for restructuring it. It uses normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by interviews with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and a renewable energy practitioner, analysed through authority theory, development law theory, and economic analysis of law. The results show a three-tier allocation: the central government controls planning, pricing, and power purchase; provinces hold licensing within a single province and the management of biomass supply; and regencies and cities retain residual yet decisive authority over spatial planning, the environment, and plantations. Together these form an hourglass pattern that is narrowest and weakest at feedstock supply and siting. The novelty of this study lies in the hourglass model and in a proposal for polycentric functional allocation with a binding upstream-downstream coordination mechanism.
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How to Cite
Oloan, B. and Fahmi, K. (2026) “Pola Jam Pasir Distribusi Kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah atas Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa Berbasis Limbah Kelapa Sawit”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 8(6), pp. 2733-2747. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v8i6.2347.
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Mahy, P. (2022). Indonesia’s omnibus law on job creation: Legal hierarchy and responses to judicial review in the labour cluster of amendments. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 17(1).
Marzuki, P. M. (2013). Penelitian hukum (Ed. revisi). Kencana.
Oates, W. E. (1999). An essay on fiscal federalism. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(3), 1120–1149.
Oloan, B. (2026). Pengaturan pemanfaatan limbah kelapa sawit untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga biomassa dalam mendukung kemandirian energi [Draf disertasi]. Universitas Andalas.
Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641–672.
Posner, R. A. (2014). Economic analysis of law (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Ridwan HR. (2016). Hukum administrasi negara (Ed. revisi). RajaGrafindo Persada.
Setyowati, A. B., & Quist, J. (2022). Contested transition? Exploring the politics and process of regional energy planning in Indonesia. Energy Policy, 165, 112980.
Singh, R., & Setiawan, A. D. (2013). Biomass energy policies and strategies: Harvesting potential in India and Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 332–345.
Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2004). Penelitian hukum normatif: Suatu tinjauan singkat. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Talitha, T., Firman, T., & Hudalah, D. (2020). Welcoming two decades of decentralization in Indonesia: A regional development perspective. Territory, Politics, Governance, 8(5), 690–708.
Trubek, D. M. (1972). Toward a social theory of law: An essay on the study of law and development. Yale Law Journal, 82(1), 1–50.
Widyaningsih, G. A. (2018). Membedah kebijakan perencanaan ketenagalistrikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, 5(1).
Williamson, O. E. (2000). The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(3), 595–613.
Yuswanto, & Al Arif, M. Y. (2019). Diskursus pembatalan peraturan daerah pasca putusan MK No. 137/PUU-XIII/2015 dan No. 56/PUU-XIV/2016. Jurnal Konstitusi, 15(4).
Atmasasmita, R. (2012). Teori hukum integratif: Rekonstruksi terhadap teori hukum pembangunan dan teori hukum progresif. Genta Publishing.
Butt, S. (2010). Regional autonomy and legal disorder: The proliferation of local laws in Indonesia. Sydney Law Review, 32(2), 177–197.
Butt, S., & Lindsey, T. (2008). Economic reform when the constitution matters: Indonesia’s Constitutional Court and Article 33. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 44(2), 239–262.
Coase, R. H. (1960). The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1–44.
Cooter, R., & Ulen, T. (2016). Law and economics (6th ed.). Berkeley Law Books.
Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. (2022). Statistik perkebunan unggulan nasional 2021–2023. Kementerian Pertanian.
Failaq, M. R. F., & Nusantara, I. A. P. (2024). The intersection of state control and decentralization in the prospect of renewable energy regulation in Indonesia. Jurnal Konstitusi, 21(1), 118–135.
Hadiz, V. R. (2004). Decentralization and democracy in Indonesia: A critique of neo-institutionalist perspectives. Development and Change, 35(4), 697–718.
Hadjon, P. M. (1997). Tentang wewenang. Yuridika, 12(5–6).
Halimatussadiah, A., dkk. (2024). The country of perpetual potential: Why is it so difficult to procure renewable energy in Indonesia? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 201, 114627.
Hambali, E., & Rivai, M. (2017). The potential of oil palm and rice biomass as bioenergy feedstock in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 65.
Indrati S., M. F. (2007). Ilmu perundang-undangan: Jenis, fungsi, dan materi muatan. Kanisius.
Isyunanda, K. P. (2022). Pemanfaatan law and economics sebagai metodologi analisis hukum di Indonesia. Mimbar Hukum, 34(1).
Jati, W. R. (2024). From a semi-federal to an administrative-technocratic model: The paradigm shift in decentralization in contemporary Indonesia. Bisnis & Birokrasi: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi dan Organisasi, 31(1).
Kelsen, H. (1967). Pure theory of law (M. Knight, Trans.). University of California Press.
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2018a, 24 Januari). Limbah sawit di Indonesia berpotensi hasilkan listrik 12.654 MW [Siaran pers]. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/limbah-sawit-di-indonesia-berpotensi-hasilkan-listrik-12654-mw
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2018b, 17 Oktober). 213,6 MW PLT bioenergi sudah on grid dengan jaringan PLN [Siaran pers]. https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/2136-mw-plt-bioenergi-sudah-on-grid-dengan-jaringan-pln
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2025, 26 Mei). Menteri ESDM umumkan RUPTL PLN 2025–2034, serap lebih dari 1,7 juta tenaga kerja baru [Siaran pers]. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/menteri-esdm-umumkan-ruptl-pln-2025-2034-serap-lebih-dari-17-juta-tenaga-kerja-baru
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2026, 9 Januari). Capaian positif tahun 2025, negara hadir penuhi kebutuhan energi masyarakat [Siaran pers]. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/capaian-positif-tahun-2025-negara-hadir-penuhi-kebutuhan-energi-masyarakat
Kusumaatmadja, M. (1976). Fungsi dan perkembangan hukum dalam pembangunan nasional. Binacipta.
Kusumaatmadja, M. (2002). Konsep-konsep hukum dalam pembangunan. Alumni.
Listiningrum, P., dkk. (2022). Regulating biogas power plant from palm oil mill effluent (POME): A challenge to Indonesia’s just energy transition. Yustisia, 11(2), 77–93.
Mahy, P. (2022). Indonesia’s omnibus law on job creation: Legal hierarchy and responses to judicial review in the labour cluster of amendments. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 17(1).
Marzuki, P. M. (2013). Penelitian hukum (Ed. revisi). Kencana.
Oates, W. E. (1999). An essay on fiscal federalism. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(3), 1120–1149.
Oloan, B. (2026). Pengaturan pemanfaatan limbah kelapa sawit untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga biomassa dalam mendukung kemandirian energi [Draf disertasi]. Universitas Andalas.
Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641–672.
Posner, R. A. (2014). Economic analysis of law (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Ridwan HR. (2016). Hukum administrasi negara (Ed. revisi). RajaGrafindo Persada.
Setyowati, A. B., & Quist, J. (2022). Contested transition? Exploring the politics and process of regional energy planning in Indonesia. Energy Policy, 165, 112980.
Singh, R., & Setiawan, A. D. (2013). Biomass energy policies and strategies: Harvesting potential in India and Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 332–345.
Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2004). Penelitian hukum normatif: Suatu tinjauan singkat. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Talitha, T., Firman, T., & Hudalah, D. (2020). Welcoming two decades of decentralization in Indonesia: A regional development perspective. Territory, Politics, Governance, 8(5), 690–708.
Trubek, D. M. (1972). Toward a social theory of law: An essay on the study of law and development. Yale Law Journal, 82(1), 1–50.
Widyaningsih, G. A. (2018). Membedah kebijakan perencanaan ketenagalistrikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, 5(1).
Williamson, O. E. (2000). The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(3), 595–613.
Yuswanto, & Al Arif, M. Y. (2019). Diskursus pembatalan peraturan daerah pasca putusan MK No. 137/PUU-XIII/2015 dan No. 56/PUU-XIV/2016. Jurnal Konstitusi, 15(4).