Digital Transformation Readiness Model in Government
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Published
Jun 4, 2024
Abstract
Along with the rapid development of information technology, Digital Transformation (DT) has become a part of everyday life. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the occurrence of DT at every level of society in the daily use of technology. However, the implementation of DT is very slow and inefficient and even becomes a problem for employees and the organization. DT implementation in the public sector is expected to be the key to the Government's success. However, many governments fail to implement DT because it only focuses on modernizing technology, not as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study to analyze the marwanfactors of Digital Transformation (DT) Readiness in Government. This research is a qualitative research method with thematic analysis and Fuzzy Delphi method by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) first for literature study. Based on the results of the SLR, found five dimensions and 19 factors that affect DT Readiness in Government. The five dimensions are People, Process, Technology, Organization, Environment. Based on the thematic analysis results, three additional factors were found in the people dimension: mindset, and organizational factors, namely risk management and knowledge management. This study also provides a model proposal based on the analysis results presented in a conceptual model with 21 analyzed factors. The research can provide understanding factors that affect the readiness of DT in the Government and as the basis for decision-making by stakeholders in the Government.
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How to Cite
Wahyudin, M., Rias Kumalasari Devi and Dana Indra Sensuse (2024) “Digital Transformation Readiness Model in Government ”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 6(4), pp. 689-709. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v6i4.868.
References
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F. Danielsen, “Benefits and Challenges of Digitalization: An Expert Study on Norwegian Public Organizations,” ACM Int. Conf. Proceeding Ser., pp. 317–326, 2021, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463703.
M. Ivanova, V. Degtereva, and G. Lukin, “Evaluation of Digital Transformation of Government,” in Proceedings of the 2019 International SPBPU Scientific Conference on Innovations in Digital Economy, Oct. 2019, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.1145/3372177.3373330.
Y. Charalabidis, C. Papadopoulos, and A. Davalas, “Defining a digital city strategy in a collaborative way,” in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Sep. 2020, pp. 254–262, doi: 10.1145/3428502.3428538.
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B. Kitchenham, “Procedures for performing systematic reviews,” Keele, UK, Keele Univ., vol. 33, no. TR/SE-0401, p. 28, 2004, doi: 10.1.1.122.3308.
B. Kitchenham and S. Charters, “Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature reviews in Software Engineering Version 2.3,” Engineering, vol. 45, no. 4ve, p. 1051, 2007, doi: 10.1145/1134285.1134500.
M. Deja, D. Rak, and B. Bell, “Digital transformation readiness: perspectives on academia and library outcomes in information literacy,” J. Acad. Librariansh., vol. 47, no. 5, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102403.
Y. Limani, E. Hajrizi, L. Stapleton, and M. Retkoceri, “Digital transformation readiness in higher education institutions (hei): the case of kosovo,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 52, no. 25, pp. 52–57, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.445.
A. Kutnjak, I. Pihir, and M. T. Furjan, “Assessing Digital Transformation Readiness Using Digital Maturity Indices*,” Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems. Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin, Varazdin, pp. 307–314, 2020.
J. Forman, J. W. Creswell, L. Damschroder, C. P. Kowalski, and S. L. Krein, “Qualitative research methods: key features and insights gained from use in infection prevention research,” Am. J. Infect. Control, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 764–771, 2008.
V. Braun and V. Clarke, “Using thematic analysis in psychology,” Qual. Res. Psychol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 77–101, 2006.
A. Ishikawa, M. Amagasa, T. Shiga, G. Tomizawa, R. Tatsuta, and H. Mieno, “The max-min Delphi method and fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy integration,” Fuzzy sets Syst., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 241–253, 1993.
A. Ariffin, N. A. A. M. Yusof, S. Siraj, and M. M. Nor, “Fuzzy Delphi Method (fdm): Determining phase for multicultural-based model of peace education curriculum for preschool children,” J. Res. Policy \& Pract. Teach. Teach. Educ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5–17, 2018.
Y.-L. Hsu, C.-H. Lee, and V. B. Kreng, “The application of Fuzzy Delphi Method and Fuzzy AHP in lubricant regenerative technology selection,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 419–425, 2010.
I. Pihir, K. Tomičić-Pupek, and M. T. Furjan, “Digital Transformation Insights and Trends,” Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems. Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics Department of Information Systems Development, Department of Organization Pavlinska 2, Varaždin, Croatia, pp. 141–150, 2018.
I. J. Chen and K. Popovich, “Understanding customer relationship management (CRM): People, process and technology,” Bus. Process Manag. J., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 672–688, 2003, doi: 10.1108/14637150310496758.
L. Tornatzky and M. Fleischer, “The process of technology innovation,” Lexington, MA Lexingt. Books, vol. 165, 1990.
S. Kurnia, R. J. Karnali, and M. M. Rahim, “A qualitative study of business-to-business electronic commerce adoption within the Indonesian grocery industry: A multi-theory perspective,” Inf. Manag., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 518–536, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.im.2015.03.003.
M. Jneid, “Digital Transformation in Justice: Discussion of Challenges and a Conceptual Model for e-Justice Success,” in Proceedings of the European Conference on e-Government, ECEG, Oct. 2019, vol. 2019-Octob, pp. 35–42, doi: 10.34190/ECDG.19.051.
J. Y. Hur, W. Cho, G. Lee, and S. H. Bickerton, “The ‘Smart Work’ Myth: How Bureaucratic Inertia and Workplace Culture Stymied Digital Transformation in the Relocation of South Korea’s Capital,” Asian Stud. Rev., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 691–709, 2019, doi: 10.1080/10357823.2019.1663786.
F. M. Dee Lemos Santos, A. Vasconcelos, J. Tribolet, and P. Viana, “Ticapp – Digital transformation in the Portuguese government,” ICEIS 2019 - Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Enterp. Inf. Syst., vol. 2, no. Iceis, pp. 612–619, 2019, doi: 10.5220/0007728606120619.
G. Fedotova, “Problems of digital transformation of customs services on classification of goods,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., 2020, doi: 10.1145/3444465.3444503.
Y. Gong, J. Yang, and X. Shi, “Towards a comprehensive understanding of digital transformation in government: Analysis of flexibility and enterprise architecture,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 37, no. 3, p. 101487, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2020.101487.
I. Lindgren, D. Toll, and U. Melin, “Automation as a Driver of Digital Transformation in Local Government,” in DG.O2021: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Jun. 2021, pp. 463–472, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463685.
A. Balashov, A. Barabanov, V. Degtereva, and M. Ivanov, “Prospects for digital transformation of public administration in Russia,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., 2020, doi: 10.1145/3444465.3444506.
A. Misra, D. P. Misra, S. S. Mahapatra, and S. Biswas, “Digital transformation model,” in Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: Governance in the Data Age, May 2018, pp. 1–7, doi: 10.1145/3209281.3209359.
P. Mittal, “Impact of Digital Capabilities and Technology Skills on Effectiveness of Government in Public Services,” 2020 Int. Conf. Data Anal. Bus. Ind. W. Towar. a Sustain. Econ. ICDABI 2020, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICDABI51230.2020.9325647.
B. Mendybayev and P. Burbayeva, “Digital Transformation: A Case Study of Organizational and Functional Changes of the Public Services Provider,” SIST 2021 - 2021 IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Inf. Syst. Technol., pp. 28–30, 2021, doi: 10.1109/SIST50301.2021.9465972.
G. Rodrigues Araujo, T. Jose Tavares Avila, and B. Barreto Brasileiro Lanza, “Impacts of an articulation group for the development of the Digital Government in the Brazilian Subnational Government,” ACM Int. Conf. Proceeding Ser., pp. 339–350, 2021, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463680.
S. Papavasiliou, A. Gorod, and C. Reaiche, “A System of Systems Management Framework for Digital Transformation in eGovernment,” SOSE 2020 - IEEE 15th Int. Conf. Syst. Syst. Eng. Proc., pp. 457–462, 2020, doi: 10.1109/SoSE50414.2020.9130558.
L. Tangi, M. Janssen, M. Benedetti, and G. Noci, “Digital government transformation: A structural equation modelling analysis of driving and impeding factors,” Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 60, no. September 2020, p. 102356, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102356.
B. Anthony Jnr, S. Abbas Petersen, M. Helfert, and H. Guo, “Digital transformation with enterprise architecture for smarter cities: a qualitative research approach,” Digit. Policy, Regul. Gov. , vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 355–376, 2021, doi: 10.1108/DPRG-04-2020-0044.
R. D. Parra and C. Libaque-Saenz, “The influence of digital transformation of the peruvian public sector on citizen trust,” 2020.
T. M. Lappi, K. Aaltonen, and J. Kujala, “Project governance and portfolio management in government digitalization,” Transform. Gov. People, Process Policy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 159–196, 2019, doi: 10.1108/TG-11-2018-0068.
S. N. Khan, M. Shael, and M. Majdalawieh, “Blockchain Technology as a Support Infrastructure in E-Government Evolution at Dubai Economic Department,” in Proceedings of the 2019 International Electronics Communication Conference, Jul. 2019, pp. 124–130, doi: 10.1145/3343147.3343164.
M. M. Nielsen, “Governance lessons from Denmark’s digital transformation,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., pp. 456–461, 2019, doi: 10.1145/3325112.3329881.
M. Meyerhoff Nielsen and Z. Jordanoski, “Digital transformation, governance and coordination models: A comparative study of Australia, Denmark and the Republic of Korea,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., pp. 285–293, 2020, doi: 10.1145/3396956.3396987.
C. Tuttman and M. A. MacAdar, “Public value creation through digital transformation in tax administration: A conceptual model proposal,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., pp. 762–766, 2020, doi: 10.1145/3428502.3428616.
H.-J. Wang and J. Lo, “Adoption of open government data among government agencies,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 80–88, 2016.
A. Weldon, W. W. K. Ma, I. M. K. Ho, E. Li, and ||, “Online learning during a global pandemic: Perceived benefits and issues in higher education,” Knowl. Manag. E-Learning, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 161–181, 2021.
M. Fitzgerald, N. Kruschwitz, D. Bonnet, and M. Welch, “Embracing Digital Technology: A New Strategic Imperative | Capgemini Consulting Worldwide,” MIT Sloan Manag. Rev., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2013.
G. Vial, “Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda,” J. Strateg. Inf. Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 118–144, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003.
N. Edelmann, J. Schossboeck, and V. Albrecht, “Remote Work in Public Sector Organisations: Employees’ Experiences in a Pandemic Context,” in DG.O2021: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Jun. 2021, pp. 408–415, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463725.
M. Baker, Digital transformation. Buckingham Business Monographs, 2015.
Y. Juk, D. Valotto, B. Lanza, and T. Jose Tavares Avila, “An Overview of On-Site Contact Centers in Subnational Governments in Brazil,” ACM Int. Conf. Proceeding Ser., pp. 363–375, 2021, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463697.
J. J. Pittaway and A. R. Montazemi, “Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 37, no. 4, p. 101474, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474.
F. Danielsen, “Benefits and Challenges of Digitalization: An Expert Study on Norwegian Public Organizations,” ACM Int. Conf. Proceeding Ser., pp. 317–326, 2021, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463703.
M. Ivanova, V. Degtereva, and G. Lukin, “Evaluation of Digital Transformation of Government,” in Proceedings of the 2019 International SPBPU Scientific Conference on Innovations in Digital Economy, Oct. 2019, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.1145/3372177.3373330.
Y. Charalabidis, C. Papadopoulos, and A. Davalas, “Defining a digital city strategy in a collaborative way,” in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Sep. 2020, pp. 254–262, doi: 10.1145/3428502.3428538.
M. A. Sánchez and J. I. Zuntini, “Digital readiness in government: The case of Bahía Blanca municipal government,” Int. J. Electron. Gov., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 155–181, 2019, doi: 10.1504/IJEG.2019.101500.
Menteri Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 95 Tahun 2018 Tentang Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik. 2018, p. 110.
K. Kusmiarto, T. Aditya, D. Djurdjani, and S. Subaryono, “Digital transformation of land services in indonesia: A readiness assessment,” Land, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1–16, 2021, doi: 10.3390/land10020120.
B. Kitchenham, “Procedures for performing systematic reviews,” Keele, UK, Keele Univ., vol. 33, no. TR/SE-0401, p. 28, 2004, doi: 10.1.1.122.3308.
B. Kitchenham and S. Charters, “Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature reviews in Software Engineering Version 2.3,” Engineering, vol. 45, no. 4ve, p. 1051, 2007, doi: 10.1145/1134285.1134500.
M. Deja, D. Rak, and B. Bell, “Digital transformation readiness: perspectives on academia and library outcomes in information literacy,” J. Acad. Librariansh., vol. 47, no. 5, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102403.
Y. Limani, E. Hajrizi, L. Stapleton, and M. Retkoceri, “Digital transformation readiness in higher education institutions (hei): the case of kosovo,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 52, no. 25, pp. 52–57, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.445.
A. Kutnjak, I. Pihir, and M. T. Furjan, “Assessing Digital Transformation Readiness Using Digital Maturity Indices*,” Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems. Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin, Varazdin, pp. 307–314, 2020.
J. Forman, J. W. Creswell, L. Damschroder, C. P. Kowalski, and S. L. Krein, “Qualitative research methods: key features and insights gained from use in infection prevention research,” Am. J. Infect. Control, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 764–771, 2008.
V. Braun and V. Clarke, “Using thematic analysis in psychology,” Qual. Res. Psychol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 77–101, 2006.
A. Ishikawa, M. Amagasa, T. Shiga, G. Tomizawa, R. Tatsuta, and H. Mieno, “The max-min Delphi method and fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy integration,” Fuzzy sets Syst., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 241–253, 1993.
A. Ariffin, N. A. A. M. Yusof, S. Siraj, and M. M. Nor, “Fuzzy Delphi Method (fdm): Determining phase for multicultural-based model of peace education curriculum for preschool children,” J. Res. Policy \& Pract. Teach. Teach. Educ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5–17, 2018.
Y.-L. Hsu, C.-H. Lee, and V. B. Kreng, “The application of Fuzzy Delphi Method and Fuzzy AHP in lubricant regenerative technology selection,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 419–425, 2010.
I. Pihir, K. Tomičić-Pupek, and M. T. Furjan, “Digital Transformation Insights and Trends,” Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems. Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics Department of Information Systems Development, Department of Organization Pavlinska 2, Varaždin, Croatia, pp. 141–150, 2018.
I. J. Chen and K. Popovich, “Understanding customer relationship management (CRM): People, process and technology,” Bus. Process Manag. J., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 672–688, 2003, doi: 10.1108/14637150310496758.
L. Tornatzky and M. Fleischer, “The process of technology innovation,” Lexington, MA Lexingt. Books, vol. 165, 1990.
S. Kurnia, R. J. Karnali, and M. M. Rahim, “A qualitative study of business-to-business electronic commerce adoption within the Indonesian grocery industry: A multi-theory perspective,” Inf. Manag., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 518–536, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.im.2015.03.003.
M. Jneid, “Digital Transformation in Justice: Discussion of Challenges and a Conceptual Model for e-Justice Success,” in Proceedings of the European Conference on e-Government, ECEG, Oct. 2019, vol. 2019-Octob, pp. 35–42, doi: 10.34190/ECDG.19.051.
J. Y. Hur, W. Cho, G. Lee, and S. H. Bickerton, “The ‘Smart Work’ Myth: How Bureaucratic Inertia and Workplace Culture Stymied Digital Transformation in the Relocation of South Korea’s Capital,” Asian Stud. Rev., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 691–709, 2019, doi: 10.1080/10357823.2019.1663786.
F. M. Dee Lemos Santos, A. Vasconcelos, J. Tribolet, and P. Viana, “Ticapp – Digital transformation in the Portuguese government,” ICEIS 2019 - Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Enterp. Inf. Syst., vol. 2, no. Iceis, pp. 612–619, 2019, doi: 10.5220/0007728606120619.
G. Fedotova, “Problems of digital transformation of customs services on classification of goods,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., 2020, doi: 10.1145/3444465.3444503.
Y. Gong, J. Yang, and X. Shi, “Towards a comprehensive understanding of digital transformation in government: Analysis of flexibility and enterprise architecture,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 37, no. 3, p. 101487, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2020.101487.
I. Lindgren, D. Toll, and U. Melin, “Automation as a Driver of Digital Transformation in Local Government,” in DG.O2021: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Jun. 2021, pp. 463–472, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463685.
A. Balashov, A. Barabanov, V. Degtereva, and M. Ivanov, “Prospects for digital transformation of public administration in Russia,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., 2020, doi: 10.1145/3444465.3444506.
A. Misra, D. P. Misra, S. S. Mahapatra, and S. Biswas, “Digital transformation model,” in Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: Governance in the Data Age, May 2018, pp. 1–7, doi: 10.1145/3209281.3209359.
P. Mittal, “Impact of Digital Capabilities and Technology Skills on Effectiveness of Government in Public Services,” 2020 Int. Conf. Data Anal. Bus. Ind. W. Towar. a Sustain. Econ. ICDABI 2020, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICDABI51230.2020.9325647.
B. Mendybayev and P. Burbayeva, “Digital Transformation: A Case Study of Organizational and Functional Changes of the Public Services Provider,” SIST 2021 - 2021 IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Inf. Syst. Technol., pp. 28–30, 2021, doi: 10.1109/SIST50301.2021.9465972.
G. Rodrigues Araujo, T. Jose Tavares Avila, and B. Barreto Brasileiro Lanza, “Impacts of an articulation group for the development of the Digital Government in the Brazilian Subnational Government,” ACM Int. Conf. Proceeding Ser., pp. 339–350, 2021, doi: 10.1145/3463677.3463680.
S. Papavasiliou, A. Gorod, and C. Reaiche, “A System of Systems Management Framework for Digital Transformation in eGovernment,” SOSE 2020 - IEEE 15th Int. Conf. Syst. Syst. Eng. Proc., pp. 457–462, 2020, doi: 10.1109/SoSE50414.2020.9130558.
L. Tangi, M. Janssen, M. Benedetti, and G. Noci, “Digital government transformation: A structural equation modelling analysis of driving and impeding factors,” Int. J. Inf. Manage., vol. 60, no. September 2020, p. 102356, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102356.
B. Anthony Jnr, S. Abbas Petersen, M. Helfert, and H. Guo, “Digital transformation with enterprise architecture for smarter cities: a qualitative research approach,” Digit. Policy, Regul. Gov. , vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 355–376, 2021, doi: 10.1108/DPRG-04-2020-0044.
R. D. Parra and C. Libaque-Saenz, “The influence of digital transformation of the peruvian public sector on citizen trust,” 2020.
T. M. Lappi, K. Aaltonen, and J. Kujala, “Project governance and portfolio management in government digitalization,” Transform. Gov. People, Process Policy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 159–196, 2019, doi: 10.1108/TG-11-2018-0068.
S. N. Khan, M. Shael, and M. Majdalawieh, “Blockchain Technology as a Support Infrastructure in E-Government Evolution at Dubai Economic Department,” in Proceedings of the 2019 International Electronics Communication Conference, Jul. 2019, pp. 124–130, doi: 10.1145/3343147.3343164.
M. M. Nielsen, “Governance lessons from Denmark’s digital transformation,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., pp. 456–461, 2019, doi: 10.1145/3325112.3329881.
M. Meyerhoff Nielsen and Z. Jordanoski, “Digital transformation, governance and coordination models: A comparative study of Australia, Denmark and the Republic of Korea,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., pp. 285–293, 2020, doi: 10.1145/3396956.3396987.
C. Tuttman and M. A. MacAdar, “Public value creation through digital transformation in tax administration: A conceptual model proposal,” PervasiveHealth Pervasive Comput. Technol. Health., pp. 762–766, 2020, doi: 10.1145/3428502.3428616.
H.-J. Wang and J. Lo, “Adoption of open government data among government agencies,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 80–88, 2016.
A. Weldon, W. W. K. Ma, I. M. K. Ho, E. Li, and ||, “Online learning during a global pandemic: Perceived benefits and issues in higher education,” Knowl. Manag. E-Learning, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 161–181, 2021.