Mobile Applications for Medication Adherence Among Diabetes Patients: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Published
Oct 31, 2024
Abstract
Mobile applications (apps) have proven to be helpful tools which enable the support of diabetes patient medication adherence by providing functions for reminders tracking and educational materials. The investigation focuses on evaluating current research regarding mobile app effectiveness towards boosting medication adherence among diabetes patients. A review evaluation of research papers demonstrates the potential advantages which include superior treatment results and enhanced patient participation and blood glucose regulation abilities. The analysis includes descriptions of the application usability difficulties that patients experience alongside their preference patterns and healthcare system integration issues. The review investigates the effectiveness of individualized intervention strategies as well as the influence of real-time feedback together with provider communication that both exist within mobile apps. Clinical trials must advance and app characteristics should standardize to guarantee their positive impact on adherence across all patient types. The field requires research to build specific and easy-to-use mobile applications and artificial intelligence integration and systematic investigation of data security measures for achieving patient consent. The analysis shows encouraging value of mobile applications which enhance diabetes medication adherence yet acknowledges there must be ongoing development using evidence-based practices within this expanding mobile health sector.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Hak Cipta :
Penulis yang mempublikasikan manuskripnya di jurnal ini menyetujui ketentuan berikut:
- Hak cipta pada setiap artikel adalah milik penulis.
- Penulis mengakui bahwa Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development berhak menjadi yang pertama menerbitkan dengan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (Attribution 4.0 International CC BY 4.0) .
- Penulis dapat mengirimkan artikel secara terpisah, mengatur distribusi non-eksklusif manuskrip yang telah diterbitkan dalam jurnal ini ke versi lain (misalnya, dikirim ke repositori institusi penulis, publikasi ke dalam buku, dll.), dengan mengakui bahwa manuskrip telah diterbitkan pertama kali di Ranah Research.
How to Cite
Ghozali, M. T. (2024) “Mobile Applications for Medication Adherence Among Diabetes Patients: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 6(6), pp. 3032-3044. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v7i4.1588.
References
[1] Mudaliar S. Intense Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Glucose Control and Antiplatelet Agents. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 44: 414–422.
[2] Glowińska I, Małyszko J. Powikłania sercowo-naczyniowe u chorych z nefropatia cukrzycowa. Przeglad Kardiodiabetologinczny 2008; 3: 217–222.
[3] Górriz Teruel JL, Beltrán Catalán S. Cambios inducidos por la enfermedad renal crónica en los pacientes con diabetes. Avances en Diabetologia 2010; 26: 235–241.
[4] Kjos AL, Vaughan AG, Bhargava A. Impact of a mobile app on medication adherence and adherence-related beliefs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 2019; 59: S44-S51.e3.
[5] Sripath N, Taneepanichskul N, Taneepanichskul S. Mobile application development process for diabetes patients in primary care unit, Bangkok, Thailand: A case study of EASYDM mobile application. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 2020; 11: 1100–1107.
[6] Jimenez G, Lum E, Huang Z, et al. Reminders for medication adherence in Type 2 diabetes management apps. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 2020; 50: 78–81.
[7] Sheehy S, Cohen G, Owen KR. Self-management of diabetes in children and young adults using technology and smartphone applications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2014; 10: 298–301.
[8] Huang Z, Tan E, Lum E, et al. A smartphone app to improve medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes in Asia: Feasibility randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth; 7. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.2196/14914.
[9] Han W, Mulgund P, Sharman R, et al. Self health management mobile application for diabetic patients and the impact on treatment adherence. In: 35th International Conference on Information Systems ‘Building a Better World Through Information Systems’, ICIS 2014. 2014.
[10] Georgieva N, Tenev V, Kamusheva M, et al. Diabetes Mellitus—Digital Solutions to Improve Medication Adherence: Scoping Review. Diabetology 2023; 4: 465–480.
[11] Nopitasari A, Thesa Ghozali M. Exploration of Self-Management Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among patients in Rural Community Health Centers: A Descriptive Study. Res J Pharm Technol 2024; 5974–5980.
[12] Mitra S, Punde S, Dhote H, et al. Healthcare App on Medical Adherence. International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET; 2023-April. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICETET-SIP58143.2023.10151629.
[13] Ghozali MT. Innovations in Asthma Care: Efficacy of Mobile App-Assisted Patient Education in Promoting Asthma Self-Management. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability 2024; 1–15.
[14] Chanane N, Mirza F, Naeem MA. Co-Designing a Medication Notification Application with Multi-Channel Reminders. ACIS 2020 Proceedings - 31st Australasian Conference on Information Systems.
[15] Fenerty SD, West C, Davis SA, et al. The effect of reminder systems on patients’ adherence to treatment. Patient Prefer Adherence 2012; 6: 127–135.
[16] Duan XX, Wang YL, Zhang GF. Design of medication regularly reminding device. Information Science and Electronic Engineering - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, ICEEIS 2016 2017; 449–452.
[17] Babaskin DV, Litvinova TM, Babaskina LI, et al. Popular Diabetes Mobile Applications for Medication Intake Monitoring. Res J Pharm Technol 2022; 15: 347–356.
[18] Murugan K, Reddy SG, Reddy S, et al. Smart IoT Medication Companion. 2024 3rd International Conference on Smart Technologies and Systems for Next Generation Computing, ICSTSN 2024. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ICSTSN61422.2024.10671211.
[19] Mitra S, Punde S, Dhote H, et al. Healthcare App on Medical Adherence. International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET; 2023-April. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICETET-SIP58143.2023.10151629.
[20] Ghozali MT, Satibi S, Forthwengel G. The impact of mobile health applications on the outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Life 2023; 16: 1299.
[21] Chong CJ, Makmor-Bakry M, Hatah E, et al. A qualitative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients’ perspectives on readiness, acceptance and barriers of mobile apps for medication adherence. Patient Educ Couns; 131. Epub ahead of print 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108547.
[22] Maher CA, Olds T, Vandelanotte C, et al. Gamification in a Physical Activity App: What Gamification Features Are Being Used, by Whom, and Does It Make a Difference? Games Health J 2022; 11: 193–199.
[23] Ehrler F, Gschwind L, Hagberg H, et al. A Medication Management App (Smart-Meds) for Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome: Pilot Pre-Post Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent; 9. Epub ahead of print 2025. DOI: 10.2196/50693.
[24] Kim SK, Park SY, Hwang HR, et al. Effectiveness of Mobile Health Intervention in Medication Adherence: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Syst 2025; 49: 13.
[25] Wright JH, Chan SR, Mishkind MC. Practical considerations for emerging types of telebehavioral health care: Computer-assisted cognitive behavior therapy and mobile applications. Virtual Mental Health Care for Rural and Underserved Settings 2022; 145–164.
[26] Corsica JA, Kelly MC, Bradley LE, et al. Mobile apps for diabetes self-management: An updated review of app features and effectiveness. J Behav Med. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1007/S10865-024-00525-Y.
[27] Corsica JA, Kelly MC, Bradley LE, et al. Mobile apps for diabetes self-management: An updated review of app features and effectiveness. J Behav Med. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1007/S10865-024-00525-Y.
[28] Das SK, Maheshwari RA, Chakraborty J, et al. Enhancing drug related problem (DRP) management in Indian healthcare through AI integration: An insight view. Intelligent Pharmacy 2023; 1: 175–178.
[29] Durga KP. AI Clinical Decision Support System (AI-CDSS) for cardiovascular diseases. Using Traditional Design Methods to Enhance AI-Driven Decision Making 2024; 64–76.
[30] Sujitha S, Fathima SM, Kavya S. Prototyping a Smart Medication Management System with Machine Learning-based Dosage Recommendations. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication, ICOSEC 2024 2024; 1402–1406.
[31] Armitage LC, Kassavou A, Sutton S. Do mobile device apps designed to support medication adherence demonstrate efficacy? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials, with meta-analysis. BMJ Open; 10. Epub ahead of print 30 January 2020. DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-032045.
[32] Tabi K, Randhawa AS, Choi F, et al. Mobile Apps for Medication Management: Review and Analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth; 7. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.2196/13608.
[33] Hamine S, Gerth-Guyette E, Faulx D, et al. Impact of mHealth chronic disease management on treatment adherence and patient outcomes: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res; 17. Epub ahead of print 1 February 2015. DOI: 10.2196/JMIR.3951.
[34] Devi BR, Syed-Abdul S, Kumar A, et al. mHealth: An updated systematic review with a focus on HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis long term management using mobile phones. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2015; 122: 257–265.
[35] Snidal SJ, Barnard G, Atuhairwe E, et al. Use of eCompliance, an innovative biometric system for monitoring of tuberculosis treatment in rural Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92: 1271–1279.
[36] Santo K, Singleton A, Rogers K, et al. Medication reminder applications to improve adherence in coronary heart disease: A randomised clinical trial. Heart 2019; 105: 323–329.
[37] Wang T, Huang YM, Chan HY. Exploration of Features of Mobile Applications for Medication Adherence in Asia: Narrative Review. J Med Internet Res; 26. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.2196/60787.
[38] Hao Y, Xu H. A Prospective Cohort Study on the Management of Young Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Using Mobile Medical Applications. Diabetes Therapy 2018; 9: 2099–2106.
[39] Yu Y, Yan Q, Li H, et al. Effects of mobile phone application combined with or without self-monitoring of blood glucose on glycemic control in patients with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10: 1365–1371.
[40] Amer FAM, Mohamed MS, Elbur AI, et al. Influence of self-efficacy management on adherence to self-care activities and treatment outcome among diabetes mellitus type 2 sudanese patients. Pharm Pract (Granada); 16. Epub ahead of print 1 October 2018. DOI: 10.18549/PHARMPRACT.2018.04.1274.
[41] Huang Z, Lum E, Jimenez G, et al. Medication management support in diabetes: A systematic assessment of diabetes self-management apps. BMC Med; 17. Epub ahead of print 17 July 2019. DOI: 10.1186/S12916-019-1362-1.
[42] Liew EJY, Teh PL, Ewe SY, et al. Understanding Challenges as Needs: Smartphone Usage Among Malaysian Older Women in Rural Areas. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2022; 2022-December: 1201–1205.
[43] Nautiyal S, Shrivastava A, Deka C. Smartphone Adoption and Healthcare Usage Among Older Adults in India. Act Adapt Aging. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2024.2440246.
[44] Kidman PG, Curtis RG, Watson A, et al. When and Why Adults Abandon Lifestyle Behavior and Mental Health Mobile Apps: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res; 26. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.2196/56897.
[45] Al-Shamaileh O, Sutcliffe A. Why people choose Apps: An evaluation of the ecology and user experience of mobile applications. International Journal of Human Computer Studies; 170. Epub ahead of print 1 February 2023. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJHCS.2022.102965.
[46] Ghozali MT, Murani CT. Relationship between knowledge and medication adherence among patients with tuberculosis: a cross-sectional survey. Bali Medical Journal 2023; 12: 158–163.
[47] Ouazzani Z El, Bakkali H El, Sadki S. Privacy preserving in digital health: Main issues, technologies, and solutions. Social, Legal, and Ethical Implications of IoT, Cloud, and Edge Computing Technologies 2020; 253–276.
[48] Gregory M, Roberts C. Maturing an Information Technology Privacy Program: Assessment, Improvement, and Change Leadership. Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data 2021; 2008–2022.
[49] Wang T, Huang YM, Chan HY. Exploration of Features of Mobile Applications for Medication Adherence in Asia: Narrative Review. J Med Internet Res; 26. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.2196/60787.
[50] Ghozali MT. Buku Ajar Sistem Informasi Manajemen untuk Farmasi. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: Deepublish, 2024.
[51] Moshi MR, Tooher R, Merlin T. Suitability of current evaluation frameworks for use in the health technology assessment of mobile medical applications: A systematic review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2018; 34: 464–475.
[52] Trezza A, Visibelli A, Roncaglia B, et al. Unsupervised Learning in Precision Medicine: Unlocking Personalized Healthcare through AI. Applied Sciences (Switzerland); 14. Epub ahead of print 1 October 2024. DOI: 10.3390/APP14209305.
[53] Khanna A, Jain S. Personalized Drug Treatment: Transforming Healthcare with AI. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Drug Design and Development 2024; 295–319.
[54] Ojeda-Carreño D, Cosío-León MA, Nieto-Hipólito JI. Relevant tools for tackling interoperability problems on heterogeneous electronic health record systems: An exploratory research. Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Biomedica 2017; 38: 25–37.
[55] Were MC, Savai S, Mokaya B, et al. mUzima Mobile Electronic Health Record (EHR) System: Development and Implementation at Scale. J Med Internet Res; 23. Epub ahead of print 1 December 2021. DOI: 10.2196/26381.
[56] Shera A, Iqbal MW, Shahzad SK, et al. Blind and visually impaired user interface to solve accessibility problems. Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing 2021; 30: 285–301.
[57] Magdalene J, Rajkumar N, Vinod V. Accessibility of mobile phone for visually impaired person with low vision. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 2015; 10: 254–257.
[2] Glowińska I, Małyszko J. Powikłania sercowo-naczyniowe u chorych z nefropatia cukrzycowa. Przeglad Kardiodiabetologinczny 2008; 3: 217–222.
[3] Górriz Teruel JL, Beltrán Catalán S. Cambios inducidos por la enfermedad renal crónica en los pacientes con diabetes. Avances en Diabetologia 2010; 26: 235–241.
[4] Kjos AL, Vaughan AG, Bhargava A. Impact of a mobile app on medication adherence and adherence-related beliefs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 2019; 59: S44-S51.e3.
[5] Sripath N, Taneepanichskul N, Taneepanichskul S. Mobile application development process for diabetes patients in primary care unit, Bangkok, Thailand: A case study of EASYDM mobile application. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 2020; 11: 1100–1107.
[6] Jimenez G, Lum E, Huang Z, et al. Reminders for medication adherence in Type 2 diabetes management apps. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 2020; 50: 78–81.
[7] Sheehy S, Cohen G, Owen KR. Self-management of diabetes in children and young adults using technology and smartphone applications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2014; 10: 298–301.
[8] Huang Z, Tan E, Lum E, et al. A smartphone app to improve medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes in Asia: Feasibility randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth; 7. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.2196/14914.
[9] Han W, Mulgund P, Sharman R, et al. Self health management mobile application for diabetic patients and the impact on treatment adherence. In: 35th International Conference on Information Systems ‘Building a Better World Through Information Systems’, ICIS 2014. 2014.
[10] Georgieva N, Tenev V, Kamusheva M, et al. Diabetes Mellitus—Digital Solutions to Improve Medication Adherence: Scoping Review. Diabetology 2023; 4: 465–480.
[11] Nopitasari A, Thesa Ghozali M. Exploration of Self-Management Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among patients in Rural Community Health Centers: A Descriptive Study. Res J Pharm Technol 2024; 5974–5980.
[12] Mitra S, Punde S, Dhote H, et al. Healthcare App on Medical Adherence. International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET; 2023-April. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICETET-SIP58143.2023.10151629.
[13] Ghozali MT. Innovations in Asthma Care: Efficacy of Mobile App-Assisted Patient Education in Promoting Asthma Self-Management. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability 2024; 1–15.
[14] Chanane N, Mirza F, Naeem MA. Co-Designing a Medication Notification Application with Multi-Channel Reminders. ACIS 2020 Proceedings - 31st Australasian Conference on Information Systems.
[15] Fenerty SD, West C, Davis SA, et al. The effect of reminder systems on patients’ adherence to treatment. Patient Prefer Adherence 2012; 6: 127–135.
[16] Duan XX, Wang YL, Zhang GF. Design of medication regularly reminding device. Information Science and Electronic Engineering - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, ICEEIS 2016 2017; 449–452.
[17] Babaskin DV, Litvinova TM, Babaskina LI, et al. Popular Diabetes Mobile Applications for Medication Intake Monitoring. Res J Pharm Technol 2022; 15: 347–356.
[18] Murugan K, Reddy SG, Reddy S, et al. Smart IoT Medication Companion. 2024 3rd International Conference on Smart Technologies and Systems for Next Generation Computing, ICSTSN 2024. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ICSTSN61422.2024.10671211.
[19] Mitra S, Punde S, Dhote H, et al. Healthcare App on Medical Adherence. International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET; 2023-April. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ICETET-SIP58143.2023.10151629.
[20] Ghozali MT, Satibi S, Forthwengel G. The impact of mobile health applications on the outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Life 2023; 16: 1299.
[21] Chong CJ, Makmor-Bakry M, Hatah E, et al. A qualitative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients’ perspectives on readiness, acceptance and barriers of mobile apps for medication adherence. Patient Educ Couns; 131. Epub ahead of print 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108547.
[22] Maher CA, Olds T, Vandelanotte C, et al. Gamification in a Physical Activity App: What Gamification Features Are Being Used, by Whom, and Does It Make a Difference? Games Health J 2022; 11: 193–199.
[23] Ehrler F, Gschwind L, Hagberg H, et al. A Medication Management App (Smart-Meds) for Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome: Pilot Pre-Post Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent; 9. Epub ahead of print 2025. DOI: 10.2196/50693.
[24] Kim SK, Park SY, Hwang HR, et al. Effectiveness of Mobile Health Intervention in Medication Adherence: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Syst 2025; 49: 13.
[25] Wright JH, Chan SR, Mishkind MC. Practical considerations for emerging types of telebehavioral health care: Computer-assisted cognitive behavior therapy and mobile applications. Virtual Mental Health Care for Rural and Underserved Settings 2022; 145–164.
[26] Corsica JA, Kelly MC, Bradley LE, et al. Mobile apps for diabetes self-management: An updated review of app features and effectiveness. J Behav Med. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1007/S10865-024-00525-Y.
[27] Corsica JA, Kelly MC, Bradley LE, et al. Mobile apps for diabetes self-management: An updated review of app features and effectiveness. J Behav Med. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1007/S10865-024-00525-Y.
[28] Das SK, Maheshwari RA, Chakraborty J, et al. Enhancing drug related problem (DRP) management in Indian healthcare through AI integration: An insight view. Intelligent Pharmacy 2023; 1: 175–178.
[29] Durga KP. AI Clinical Decision Support System (AI-CDSS) for cardiovascular diseases. Using Traditional Design Methods to Enhance AI-Driven Decision Making 2024; 64–76.
[30] Sujitha S, Fathima SM, Kavya S. Prototyping a Smart Medication Management System with Machine Learning-based Dosage Recommendations. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication, ICOSEC 2024 2024; 1402–1406.
[31] Armitage LC, Kassavou A, Sutton S. Do mobile device apps designed to support medication adherence demonstrate efficacy? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials, with meta-analysis. BMJ Open; 10. Epub ahead of print 30 January 2020. DOI: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-032045.
[32] Tabi K, Randhawa AS, Choi F, et al. Mobile Apps for Medication Management: Review and Analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth; 7. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.2196/13608.
[33] Hamine S, Gerth-Guyette E, Faulx D, et al. Impact of mHealth chronic disease management on treatment adherence and patient outcomes: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res; 17. Epub ahead of print 1 February 2015. DOI: 10.2196/JMIR.3951.
[34] Devi BR, Syed-Abdul S, Kumar A, et al. mHealth: An updated systematic review with a focus on HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis long term management using mobile phones. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2015; 122: 257–265.
[35] Snidal SJ, Barnard G, Atuhairwe E, et al. Use of eCompliance, an innovative biometric system for monitoring of tuberculosis treatment in rural Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92: 1271–1279.
[36] Santo K, Singleton A, Rogers K, et al. Medication reminder applications to improve adherence in coronary heart disease: A randomised clinical trial. Heart 2019; 105: 323–329.
[37] Wang T, Huang YM, Chan HY. Exploration of Features of Mobile Applications for Medication Adherence in Asia: Narrative Review. J Med Internet Res; 26. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.2196/60787.
[38] Hao Y, Xu H. A Prospective Cohort Study on the Management of Young Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Using Mobile Medical Applications. Diabetes Therapy 2018; 9: 2099–2106.
[39] Yu Y, Yan Q, Li H, et al. Effects of mobile phone application combined with or without self-monitoring of blood glucose on glycemic control in patients with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10: 1365–1371.
[40] Amer FAM, Mohamed MS, Elbur AI, et al. Influence of self-efficacy management on adherence to self-care activities and treatment outcome among diabetes mellitus type 2 sudanese patients. Pharm Pract (Granada); 16. Epub ahead of print 1 October 2018. DOI: 10.18549/PHARMPRACT.2018.04.1274.
[41] Huang Z, Lum E, Jimenez G, et al. Medication management support in diabetes: A systematic assessment of diabetes self-management apps. BMC Med; 17. Epub ahead of print 17 July 2019. DOI: 10.1186/S12916-019-1362-1.
[42] Liew EJY, Teh PL, Ewe SY, et al. Understanding Challenges as Needs: Smartphone Usage Among Malaysian Older Women in Rural Areas. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2022; 2022-December: 1201–1205.
[43] Nautiyal S, Shrivastava A, Deka C. Smartphone Adoption and Healthcare Usage Among Older Adults in India. Act Adapt Aging. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2024.2440246.
[44] Kidman PG, Curtis RG, Watson A, et al. When and Why Adults Abandon Lifestyle Behavior and Mental Health Mobile Apps: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res; 26. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.2196/56897.
[45] Al-Shamaileh O, Sutcliffe A. Why people choose Apps: An evaluation of the ecology and user experience of mobile applications. International Journal of Human Computer Studies; 170. Epub ahead of print 1 February 2023. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJHCS.2022.102965.
[46] Ghozali MT, Murani CT. Relationship between knowledge and medication adherence among patients with tuberculosis: a cross-sectional survey. Bali Medical Journal 2023; 12: 158–163.
[47] Ouazzani Z El, Bakkali H El, Sadki S. Privacy preserving in digital health: Main issues, technologies, and solutions. Social, Legal, and Ethical Implications of IoT, Cloud, and Edge Computing Technologies 2020; 253–276.
[48] Gregory M, Roberts C. Maturing an Information Technology Privacy Program: Assessment, Improvement, and Change Leadership. Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data 2021; 2008–2022.
[49] Wang T, Huang YM, Chan HY. Exploration of Features of Mobile Applications for Medication Adherence in Asia: Narrative Review. J Med Internet Res; 26. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.2196/60787.
[50] Ghozali MT. Buku Ajar Sistem Informasi Manajemen untuk Farmasi. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: Deepublish, 2024.
[51] Moshi MR, Tooher R, Merlin T. Suitability of current evaluation frameworks for use in the health technology assessment of mobile medical applications: A systematic review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2018; 34: 464–475.
[52] Trezza A, Visibelli A, Roncaglia B, et al. Unsupervised Learning in Precision Medicine: Unlocking Personalized Healthcare through AI. Applied Sciences (Switzerland); 14. Epub ahead of print 1 October 2024. DOI: 10.3390/APP14209305.
[53] Khanna A, Jain S. Personalized Drug Treatment: Transforming Healthcare with AI. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Drug Design and Development 2024; 295–319.
[54] Ojeda-Carreño D, Cosío-León MA, Nieto-Hipólito JI. Relevant tools for tackling interoperability problems on heterogeneous electronic health record systems: An exploratory research. Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Biomedica 2017; 38: 25–37.
[55] Were MC, Savai S, Mokaya B, et al. mUzima Mobile Electronic Health Record (EHR) System: Development and Implementation at Scale. J Med Internet Res; 23. Epub ahead of print 1 December 2021. DOI: 10.2196/26381.
[56] Shera A, Iqbal MW, Shahzad SK, et al. Blind and visually impaired user interface to solve accessibility problems. Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing 2021; 30: 285–301.
[57] Magdalene J, Rajkumar N, Vinod V. Accessibility of mobile phone for visually impaired person with low vision. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 2015; 10: 254–257.