Dinamika Reformasi Kebijakan Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia Timur: Penerapan Model Kaleidoskop di Maluku Utara, NTT, dan Papua
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Published
Sep 21, 2025
Abstract
Ketahanan pangan menjadi isu strategis dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan, terutama di wilayah Indonesia Timur yang menghadapi tantangan geografis, budaya, dan kelembagaan yang kompleks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika perubahan kebijakan ketahanan pangan di tiga provinsi prioritas—Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku Utara, dan Papua—dengan fokus pada kebijakan pertanian dan penanggulangan stunting. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif studi kasus dan kerangka Model Kaleidoskop, studi ini dilakukan secara bertahap selama tiga tahun. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi lapangan, serta analisis dokumen kebijakan dan intervensi donor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan sangat dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan aktor lokal, dukungan lembaga donor, dan kapasitas kelembagaan di tingkat daerah. Namun demikian, kendala seperti koordinasi antarsektor yang lemah, fragmentasi birokrasi, serta kurangnya data yang akurat masih menjadi hambatan utama. Diskusi memperkuat relevansi Model Kaleidoskop dalam menangkap interaksi antara tekanan sosial, bukti empiris, dan kekuasaan politik dalam proses perubahan kebijakan. Studi ini juga menyoroti ketimpangan antar provinsi dan pentingnya reformasi kelembagaan untuk menjamin keberlanjutan kebijakan. Temuan ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap pendekatan teoritis kebijakan publik di negara berkembang dan merekomendasikan integrasi peran sektor swasta serta penguatan mekanisme lokal sebagai strategi jangka panjang. Studi ini mendukung pencapaian SDGs melalui kebijakan ketahanan pangan yang kontekstual dan berkelanjutan
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How to Cite
Tahir, T., Rulinawaty, R., Wijaya, A. and Treisna, N. (2025) “Dinamika Reformasi Kebijakan Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia Timur: Penerapan Model Kaleidoskop di Maluku Utara, NTT, dan Papua”, Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 7(6), pp. 4794-4804. doi: 10.38035/rrj.v7i6.1860.
References
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Arundhati, S., Wijayanti, D. A., & Siregar, R. (2019). Regional cooperation and food security policy in ASEAN: Between domestic needs and cross-border solidarity. Journal of Southeast Asian Public Policy, 10(2), 155–170.
Bastian, H., & Coveney, J. (2011). Local evidence and community engagement in South Australia’s food policy. Public Health Nutrition, 14(12), 2227–2233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001100141X
Berchin, I. I., Nunes, L. A. O., & de Amorim, W. S. (2020). The strategic role of food security in the SDGs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 119732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119732
Bilali, H. E. (2019). Sustainability in food systems: The concept and its indicators. International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 5(3), 46–52.
Birkland, T. A. (2010). An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making (3rd ed.). M.E. Sharpe.
Cairney, P., & Heikkila, T. (2014). A comparison of theories of the policy process. In P. Sabatier & C. Weible (Eds.), Theories of the Policy Process (3rd ed., pp. 363–390). Westview Press.
Chanza, N., & Musakwa, W. (2022). Climate change and food systems: A systems approach to food security in Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(2), 1583–1602.
Consoli, D., Vecchi, M., & Venturini, F. (2023). Policy responses to food insecurity during COVID-19: A comparative perspective. World Development, 161, 106061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106061
Cui, J., Fan, S., & He, W. (2023). Emergency responses to food security under COVID-19 in China. Food Policy, 112, 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102366
Dalimunthe, A. (2024). Ketahanan pangan berbasis wilayah: Studi kasus DKI Jakarta pada masa pandemi. Jurnal Kebijakan Pangan dan Gizi, 15(1), 25–38.
Diez-Canseco, F., Alvarado, M., & Bernabe-Ortiz, A. (2022). Implementing food and nutrition policies in Peru: An analysis using the Kaleidoscope Model. Food Policy, 106, 102182.
Domingos, J. S. (2023). Food policy under pressure: Lessons from COVID-19 response in Brazil. Latin American Policy, 14(1), 27–42.
Fox, A. M., & Reich, M. R. (2013). Political economy of reform: Articulating the linkages between institutions, interests and ideas. Health Policy and Planning, 28(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs055
Fritz, V., Verhoeven, M., & Avenia, A. (2014). Political Economy of Public Financial Management Reforms: Experiences and Implications for Dialogue and Operational Engagement. World Bank.
Erokhin, V., & Tianming, G. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic aspects of food security: Evidence from China and Russia. Foods, 9(11), 1429.
Gantina, N., Hasim, H., & Ramadhani, R. (2020). Strategi intervensi stunting dalam pembangunan gizi masyarakat. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan Indonesia, 3(2), 90–99.
Grindle, M. S. (2004). Good enough governance: Poverty reduction and reform in developing countries. Governance, 17(4), 525–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00256.x
Islamiah, S., Mahmud, M., & Lestari, E. (2020). Characteristics of household food insecurity and stunting among fishing communities in Indonesia. Journal of Health Research, 34(3), 195–204.
Katadata. (2024). Peta Stunting dan Akses Pangan di Indonesia 2024. https://katadata.co.id (akses data diambil dari laman resmi Katadata atau publikasi sejenis pada tahun 2024)
Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. (2024). Laporan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Tahun 2024. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Ketahanan Pangan.
Keumala, N., Rahmawati, D., & Sari, A. (2021). Respons kebijakan ketahanan pangan daerah: Studi perbandingan antara Aceh Besar dan Banda Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 8(1), 88–102.
Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (2nd ed.). HarperCollins.
Kowalska, A., Blicharska, E., & Jarosz-Angowska, M. (2022). Food security in the context of sustainable development: Challenges and solutions. Sustainability, 14(9), 5197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095197
Kusumawardani, N., Sutopo, W., & Nugroho, A. (2021). Strategi kebijakan ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ketahanan Pangan Nasional, 6(2), 135–149.
Leroy, J. L., Ruel, M., Frongillo, E. A., Harris, J., & Ballard, T. J. (2015). Measuring the food access dimension of food security: A critical review and mapping of indicators. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 36(2), 167–195.
Oluwole, O. O., Adegbite, D. A., & Ayinde, O. E. (2023). Multi-dimensional food security assessment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends and perspectives. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 13, 100264.
OECD. (2014). OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Indonesia 2012. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264115140-en
Nurahadiyatika, I., Putri, A. S., & Lestari, A. (2021). Integrasi ketahanan pangan dan pengurangan kemiskinan: Studi kasus di wilayah rentan. Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial, 19(1), 45–60.
Parvin, G. A., & Ahsan, S. M. R. (2013). Food security and nutritional status in rural Bangladesh: The role of food-based intervention. South Asia Economic Journal, 14(1), 149–165.
Poernomo, H. (2018). Subsidi pertanian dan produktivitas pangan nasional: Tinjauan kebijakan di Indonesia. Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi Pertanian, 9(1), 12–22.
Pelletier, D. L., Frongillo, E. A., Schroeder, D. G., & Habicht, J. P. (2012). The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(6), 443–448.
Ratnasari, D., & Dani, F. (2023). Akses ekonomi dan ketimpangan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia Timur. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pangan, 12(2), 101–115.
Rahmatika, D. N., Subekti, H., & Suryadi, A. (2021). Pengaruh keamanan pangan, asupan energi, dan pola asuh terhadap prevalensi stunting di wilayah pedesaan. Jurnal Gizi dan Kesehatan, 13(2), 121–130.
Resnick, D., & Okumo, M. (2017). Policy coherence for agriculture and food security: The case of Malawi. Food Security, 9, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0643-3
Resnick, D., & van de Walle, N. (2013). Introduction: Democratic trajectories in Africa: Unravelling the impact of foreign aid. In D. Resnick & N. van de Walle (Eds.), Democratic Trajectories in Africa: Unravelling the Impact of Foreign Aid (pp. 1–26). Oxford University Press.
Resnick, D., Babu, S., Haggblade, S., & Mather, D. (2018). The Kaleidoscope Model of policy change: Applications to food security policy in Zambia. World Development, 109, 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.004
Rulinawaty, S. A., & Samboteng, L. (2020). Leading agile organization can Indonesian bureaucracy become agile. Journal of Talent Development and Excellence, 12(3), 330-8.
Rulinawaty, Samboteng, L., Basit, M., & Kasmad, M. R. (2022). Construction of the Hybrid Agile Management Model in Public Health Services in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 255-263.
Rulinawaty, Aripin, S., Andriyansah, & Samboteng, L. (2023). Participatory governance capacity building: the missing link of poverty eradication in food diversification policies in Indonesia. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 19(2), 202-220.
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2007). Theories of the Policy Process (2nd ed.). Westview Press.
Seed, B., Lang, T., Caraher, M., & Ostry, A. (2014). Integrating food security into public health and provincial government departments in British Columbia, Canada. Agriculture and Human Values, 31, 435–449.
Susandi, A. (2023). Perubahan iklim dan dampaknya terhadap ketahanan pangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Meteorologi dan Iklim Indonesia, 10(1), 77–90.
Syamola, R., & Nurwahyuni, I. (2022). Kesenjangan status ekonomi dan kapasitas rumah tangga dalam mencapai ketahanan pangan. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 22(1), 73–89.
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2007). Theories of the Policy Process (2nd ed.). Westview Press.
Tanziha, I., Mahmudiono, T., & Andriani, M. (2020). Gender equity, household food security, and dietary diversity in rural Indonesia. Nutrition and Food Science, 50(5), 917–931.
UNDP. (2022). Strengthening Food Systems in the Face of COVID-19 and Climate Change: A Focus on Local Governance and Resilience. United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2
Upton, J. B., Cissé, J. D., & Barrett, C. B. (2016). Food security as resilience: Reconciling definition and measurement. Food Policy, 57, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001
Widiana, D., Suryani, N. P., & Subamia, I. G. A. (2022). Ketimpangan akses pangan di kawasan timur Indonesia. Jurnal Ketahanan Sosial, 7(3), 211–225.
White, P. (2014). Food security in Indonesia: A global and local challenge. Food Security, 6(2), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-014-0333-2
Arundhati, S., Wijayanti, D. A., & Siregar, R. (2019). Regional cooperation and food security policy in ASEAN: Between domestic needs and cross-border solidarity. Journal of Southeast Asian Public Policy, 10(2), 155–170.
Bastian, H., & Coveney, J. (2011). Local evidence and community engagement in South Australia’s food policy. Public Health Nutrition, 14(12), 2227–2233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001100141X
Berchin, I. I., Nunes, L. A. O., & de Amorim, W. S. (2020). The strategic role of food security in the SDGs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 119732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119732
Bilali, H. E. (2019). Sustainability in food systems: The concept and its indicators. International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 5(3), 46–52.
Birkland, T. A. (2010). An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making (3rd ed.). M.E. Sharpe.
Cairney, P., & Heikkila, T. (2014). A comparison of theories of the policy process. In P. Sabatier & C. Weible (Eds.), Theories of the Policy Process (3rd ed., pp. 363–390). Westview Press.
Chanza, N., & Musakwa, W. (2022). Climate change and food systems: A systems approach to food security in Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(2), 1583–1602.
Consoli, D., Vecchi, M., & Venturini, F. (2023). Policy responses to food insecurity during COVID-19: A comparative perspective. World Development, 161, 106061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106061
Cui, J., Fan, S., & He, W. (2023). Emergency responses to food security under COVID-19 in China. Food Policy, 112, 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102366
Dalimunthe, A. (2024). Ketahanan pangan berbasis wilayah: Studi kasus DKI Jakarta pada masa pandemi. Jurnal Kebijakan Pangan dan Gizi, 15(1), 25–38.
Diez-Canseco, F., Alvarado, M., & Bernabe-Ortiz, A. (2022). Implementing food and nutrition policies in Peru: An analysis using the Kaleidoscope Model. Food Policy, 106, 102182.
Domingos, J. S. (2023). Food policy under pressure: Lessons from COVID-19 response in Brazil. Latin American Policy, 14(1), 27–42.
Fox, A. M., & Reich, M. R. (2013). Political economy of reform: Articulating the linkages between institutions, interests and ideas. Health Policy and Planning, 28(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs055
Fritz, V., Verhoeven, M., & Avenia, A. (2014). Political Economy of Public Financial Management Reforms: Experiences and Implications for Dialogue and Operational Engagement. World Bank.
Erokhin, V., & Tianming, G. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic aspects of food security: Evidence from China and Russia. Foods, 9(11), 1429.
Gantina, N., Hasim, H., & Ramadhani, R. (2020). Strategi intervensi stunting dalam pembangunan gizi masyarakat. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan Indonesia, 3(2), 90–99.
Grindle, M. S. (2004). Good enough governance: Poverty reduction and reform in developing countries. Governance, 17(4), 525–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00256.x
Islamiah, S., Mahmud, M., & Lestari, E. (2020). Characteristics of household food insecurity and stunting among fishing communities in Indonesia. Journal of Health Research, 34(3), 195–204.
Katadata. (2024). Peta Stunting dan Akses Pangan di Indonesia 2024. https://katadata.co.id (akses data diambil dari laman resmi Katadata atau publikasi sejenis pada tahun 2024)
Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. (2024). Laporan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Tahun 2024. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Ketahanan Pangan.
Keumala, N., Rahmawati, D., & Sari, A. (2021). Respons kebijakan ketahanan pangan daerah: Studi perbandingan antara Aceh Besar dan Banda Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 8(1), 88–102.
Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (2nd ed.). HarperCollins.
Kowalska, A., Blicharska, E., & Jarosz-Angowska, M. (2022). Food security in the context of sustainable development: Challenges and solutions. Sustainability, 14(9), 5197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095197
Kusumawardani, N., Sutopo, W., & Nugroho, A. (2021). Strategi kebijakan ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ketahanan Pangan Nasional, 6(2), 135–149.
Leroy, J. L., Ruel, M., Frongillo, E. A., Harris, J., & Ballard, T. J. (2015). Measuring the food access dimension of food security: A critical review and mapping of indicators. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 36(2), 167–195.
Oluwole, O. O., Adegbite, D. A., & Ayinde, O. E. (2023). Multi-dimensional food security assessment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends and perspectives. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 13, 100264.
OECD. (2014). OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Indonesia 2012. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264115140-en
Nurahadiyatika, I., Putri, A. S., & Lestari, A. (2021). Integrasi ketahanan pangan dan pengurangan kemiskinan: Studi kasus di wilayah rentan. Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial, 19(1), 45–60.
Parvin, G. A., & Ahsan, S. M. R. (2013). Food security and nutritional status in rural Bangladesh: The role of food-based intervention. South Asia Economic Journal, 14(1), 149–165.
Poernomo, H. (2018). Subsidi pertanian dan produktivitas pangan nasional: Tinjauan kebijakan di Indonesia. Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi Pertanian, 9(1), 12–22.
Pelletier, D. L., Frongillo, E. A., Schroeder, D. G., & Habicht, J. P. (2012). The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(6), 443–448.
Ratnasari, D., & Dani, F. (2023). Akses ekonomi dan ketimpangan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia Timur. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pangan, 12(2), 101–115.
Rahmatika, D. N., Subekti, H., & Suryadi, A. (2021). Pengaruh keamanan pangan, asupan energi, dan pola asuh terhadap prevalensi stunting di wilayah pedesaan. Jurnal Gizi dan Kesehatan, 13(2), 121–130.
Resnick, D., & Okumo, M. (2017). Policy coherence for agriculture and food security: The case of Malawi. Food Security, 9, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0643-3
Resnick, D., & van de Walle, N. (2013). Introduction: Democratic trajectories in Africa: Unravelling the impact of foreign aid. In D. Resnick & N. van de Walle (Eds.), Democratic Trajectories in Africa: Unravelling the Impact of Foreign Aid (pp. 1–26). Oxford University Press.
Resnick, D., Babu, S., Haggblade, S., & Mather, D. (2018). The Kaleidoscope Model of policy change: Applications to food security policy in Zambia. World Development, 109, 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.004
Rulinawaty, S. A., & Samboteng, L. (2020). Leading agile organization can Indonesian bureaucracy become agile. Journal of Talent Development and Excellence, 12(3), 330-8.
Rulinawaty, Samboteng, L., Basit, M., & Kasmad, M. R. (2022). Construction of the Hybrid Agile Management Model in Public Health Services in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 255-263.
Rulinawaty, Aripin, S., Andriyansah, & Samboteng, L. (2023). Participatory governance capacity building: the missing link of poverty eradication in food diversification policies in Indonesia. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 19(2), 202-220.
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2007). Theories of the Policy Process (2nd ed.). Westview Press.
Seed, B., Lang, T., Caraher, M., & Ostry, A. (2014). Integrating food security into public health and provincial government departments in British Columbia, Canada. Agriculture and Human Values, 31, 435–449.
Susandi, A. (2023). Perubahan iklim dan dampaknya terhadap ketahanan pangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Meteorologi dan Iklim Indonesia, 10(1), 77–90.
Syamola, R., & Nurwahyuni, I. (2022). Kesenjangan status ekonomi dan kapasitas rumah tangga dalam mencapai ketahanan pangan. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 22(1), 73–89.
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2007). Theories of the Policy Process (2nd ed.). Westview Press.
Tanziha, I., Mahmudiono, T., & Andriani, M. (2020). Gender equity, household food security, and dietary diversity in rural Indonesia. Nutrition and Food Science, 50(5), 917–931.
UNDP. (2022). Strengthening Food Systems in the Face of COVID-19 and Climate Change: A Focus on Local Governance and Resilience. United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2
Upton, J. B., Cissé, J. D., & Barrett, C. B. (2016). Food security as resilience: Reconciling definition and measurement. Food Policy, 57, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001
Widiana, D., Suryani, N. P., & Subamia, I. G. A. (2022). Ketimpangan akses pangan di kawasan timur Indonesia. Jurnal Ketahanan Sosial, 7(3), 211–225.
White, P. (2014). Food security in Indonesia: A global and local challenge. Food Security, 6(2), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-014-0333-2